Table 2.
Co-occurrence of caryophyllane sesquiterpenes in plant essential oils.
| Plant Species | Plant Part | Composition | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baccharis coridifolia D.C. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 10.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 9.8%, α-humulene 0.4%, isocaryophyllene 34.3% | [83] |
| Cachrys alpina Bieb. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 2.5%, α-humulene 33.2%, α-humulene epoxide II 2.2% | [84] |
| Callistemon polandii (Bonpl.) DC. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 28.2%, β-caryophyllene oxide 13.5%, α-humulene 21.7% | [85] |
| Cannabis sativa L. | Inflorescences | β-Caryophyllene 7.6–29.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.8–9.5%, α-humulene 2.2–10.1%, isocaryophyllene < 0.05–0.4% | [86] |
| Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 35.9% | [76] |
| Colquhounia coccinea Wall | Leaves and Flowers | β-Caryophyllene 44.1% in leaves and 53.2% in flowers | [74] |
| Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. | Balsam oil from bark Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 53.3%, α-humulene 6.1% β-Caryophyllene 16.6%, β-caryophyllene oxide 1.3%, α-humulene 2.9% |
[71] |
| Eugenia caryophyllata (syn. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr.) | Floral buds and leaves | β-Caryophyllene 17.4%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.4%, α-humulene 2.1%, isocaryophyllene 0.5% | [68,69] |
| Eugeniarocana Britt. et Wils. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene0.1%, β-caryophyllene oxide 57.7%, α-humulene epoxide II 9.9%, 14-hydroxy-9-epi-P-caryophyllene 10.3% | [87] |
| Helichrysum melaleucum Rchb. ex Holl. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 35.4% | [78] |
| Helichrysum stoechas ssp. barrelieri var. spathulatum | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 27.9–33.6%, β-caryophyllene oxide 1.6–6.5%, α-humulene 13.4–21.1% | [88] |
| Hippomarathrum microcarpum (M. Bieb.) B. Fedtsch. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 15.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 2.7%, α-humulene 3.2% | [89] |
| Humulus lupulus L. | Inflorescences | β-Caryophyllene 4.8–28.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 2.3–8.6%, α-humulene 2.6–23.0% | [90] |
| Hypericum heterophyllum Vent. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 4.5%, α-humulene 2.4%, isocaryophyllene 17.1% | [91] |
| Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton | Flowers | β-Caryophyllene 0.3%, α-humulene 0.2%, isocaryophyllene 13.7% | [92] |
| Lantana achyranthifolia Desf. | Aerial parts | α-Humulene 10.7%, isocaryophyllene 16.7% | [93] |
| Lantana camara L. | Leaves | α-Humulene 3.8%, isocaryophyllene 10.7% | [93] |
| Lavandula angustifolia M. | Essential oil from flowers | β-Caryophyllene 4.9%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.5%, α-humulene 0.4% | [94,95] |
| Lophostemon suaveolens | Fresh leaves | β-Caryophyllene 2.5%, α-humulene 1.5% | [96] |
| Lycopus australis R.Br. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 10.2%, β-caryophyllene oxide 1.8%, α-humulene 19.5% | [97] |
| Marliereaobscura O. Berg. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene oxide 37.20% | [98] |
| Marrubiumastracanicum Jacq | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 13.1%, β-caryophyllene oxide 35.8, α-humulene 0.9% | [99] |
| Micromeria hedgei L. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 6.5%, β-caryophyllene oxide 4.7%, α-humulene 3.3% | [100] |
| Nepeta curviflora Boiss. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 50.2% | [73] |
| Nepeta graciliflora B. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 5.3, β-caryophyllene oxide 12.2% | [101] |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | Aerial and wooden parts | β-Caryophyllene 1.9%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.7%, α-humulene 0.4% | [102,103] |
| Origanum vulgare L. | Leaves and stems | β-Caryophyllene 1.1–1.5%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.1–2.5% | [104,105] |
| Orthodon dianthera Maxim. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 52.9% | [72] |
| Physospermum cornubiense (L.) DC. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 15.4% and β-caryophyllene oxide 24.5% | [89] |
| Pimpinella spp. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 0.1–3.6%, β-caryophyllene oxide 2.5%, α-humulene 1–1.6% | [106] |
| Piper nigrum L. | Berries | β-Caryophyllene 47.5%, β-caryophyllene oxide 4.0%, α-humulene 0.4% | [75] |
| Pliniadermatodes Urb. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 0.9%, β-caryophyllene oxide 62.1%, α-humulene 0.1% | [107] |
| Psidiumsalutare (HBK) Berg. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 4.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 39.8% | [108] |
| Salvia glutinosa L. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 5–9%, β-caryophyllene oxide 24.3–28.9%, α-humulene 5.9% | [109] |
| Salvia officinalis L. ssp. altissima | Aerial part | β-Caryophyllene 31.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 23.2%, α-humulene 1.0%, 1 4-hydroxy-g-epi-(E)-caryophyllene 0.6%, humulene epoxide II 0.2% | [77] |
| Scutellaria californica A. Gray | Flowers | β-Caryophyllene 56.2% | [70] |
| Stachys lanata K. Koch | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 12.6%, α-humulene 24.9%, β-caryophyllene oxide 0.3% | [110] |
| Syzygiumgardneri Thw. | Leaves | β-Caryophyllene 5.3%, β-caryophyllene oxide 49.6%, α-humulene 1.7% | [111] |
| Tagetes patula L. | Flower | β-Caryophyllene 0.3%, β-caryophyllene oxide 48.4% | [112] |
| Tephrosiacinerea Pers. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene oxide 63.9% | [113] |
| Tephrosiadensiflora (Hook. f.) | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 45.0%, β-caryophyllene oxide 5.2%, | [113] |
| Tephrosiapersica Boiss. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 6.8%, β-caryophyllene oxide 7.0%, | [113] |
| Teucriumorientale L. | Aerial parts | β-Caryophyllene 9.3%, β-caryophyllene oxide 33.5%, α-humulene 1.7%, isocaryophyllene 0.7% | [114] |
| Uvariodendron calophyllum RE Fries | Stem bark | β-Caryophyllene 32.5% | [79] |
| Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell | Rhyzomes | β-Caryophyllene 42.2%, α-humulene 27.7% | [80] |