Table 3.

Pharmacological activities found for the caryophyllane sesquiterpenes identified in plant essential oils.

Compound	General Pharmacological Properties	Type of Pharmacological Evidence	References
β-Caryophyllene (syn. trans-caryophyllene, E-caryophyllene)	Analgesic	in vitro and in vivo	[123,124]
	Antiallergic	in vitro and in vivo	[125,126]
	Antiarthritic	in vitro and in vivo	[127,128,129]
	Antibacterial	in vitro	[130,131,132]
	Anticonvulsant	in vivo	[133]
	Antifungal	in vitro	[91]
	Anti-inflammatory	in vitro and in vivo	[123,124,125,129,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149]
	Antioxidant	in vitro and in vivo	[123,132,135,138,147,148,149,150,151]
	Antiproliferative	in vitro and in vivo	[45,123,124,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163]
	Anxiolytic/antidepressant	in vivo	[164,165,166]
	Antispasmodic	in vivo	[167]
	Chemosensitizing	in vitro	[160,161,162,163,168,169,170]
	Genoprotective	in vitro and in vivo	[163,171,172,173,174,175,176]
	Hypoglycemic	in vitro and in vivo	[135,177,178,179]
	Hypolipidemic	in vitro and in vivo	[180,181]
	Immunomodulatory	in vitro and in vivo	[125,136,145]
	Local anesthetic	in vitro and in vivo	[184]
	Membrane permeability modulation	in vitro	[123,185,186]
	Neuroprotective	in vitro and in vivo	[123,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194]
β-Caryophyllene oxide	Analgesic	in vivo	[129,195]
	Antibacterial	in vitro	[196]
	Antifungal	in vitro	[197]
	Anti-inflammatory	in vitro and in vivo	[149,195,198]
	Antiproliferative	in vitro	[124,198,199,200,201,202,203,204]
	Chemosensitizing	in vitro and in vivo	[160,162,169,199,200]
	Genoprotective	in vitro	[161,174]
α-Humulene	Antibacterial	in vitro	[205]
	Antifungal/Antiparasitic	in vitro	[206,207]
	Anti-inflammatory	in vitro	[134,208]
	Antiproliferative	in vitro and in vivo	[45,168,209,210,211]
	Chemosensitizing	in vitro	[169,200]
Isocaryophyllene (syn. γ-caryophyllene)	Antiproliferative	in vitro	[168,211,212]
	Antifungal	in vitro	[206]