Table 1.
Antimicrobial effect of algae extracts in Escherichia coli (reference strains and serotypes: American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 8739/10536/11775/25922/35218; MTCC 739; NCIMB 50034; DSM 498; RCM 01002 52-6; PTCC1330, O157:H7; O126:B16).
| Seaweed | Solvent | MIC/IC50/MBC (mg/mL) |
Agar Diffusion | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laurencia brandenii (R) | MeOH | Re | [63] | |
| G. ornata (R) | H2O/EtOH f | NI/NI/R | [64] | |
| Pterocladia capillacea (R) | H2O cold/H20 hot | NI/NI | [55] | |
| Dictyopteris membranacea (B) | I/NI | |||
| D. membranacea (B) | (MeOH:DCM)/MeOH f/AcO f/(MeOH:DCM) | Re/Re/I/NI | [28] | |
| P. capillacea (R)/Osmundaria obtusiloba (R) | EtOH/Hex | NI | [40] | |
| Dictyota dichotoma (B)/P. pavonica (B)/Sargassum vulgare (B) | AcO | MIC (2.5/2.5/5) | [41] | |
| Cystoseira amentacea (B)/Cystoseira barbata (B)/Cystoseira compressa (B) | AcO | MIC (5) | [46] | |
| Cystoesira myrica (B)/Cystoesira trinodis (B)/Padina gymnospora (B)/Sargassum dentifolium (B)/Sargassum hystrix (B)/Actinotrichia fragilis (R)/Caulerpa racemosa (G)/Codium fragile (G) | MeOH/EtAc | Re/Re | [47] | |
| Padina australis Hauck (B) | MeOH/DCM/n-Hex | MIC (0.88/1.04/1.25) | [48] | |
| Sargassum polycystum (B) | MIC (0.88/1.04/1.04) | |||
| S. polycystum (B) | MIC (0.73/0.83/0.73) | |||
| P. australis Hauck (B) | MIC (2.08/2.08/1.66) | |||
| S. polycystum (B) | MIC (0.83/1.04/0.625) | |||
| S. polycystum (B) | MIC (0.52/0.83/0.42) | |||
| Gracilaria sp. (R) | MeOH | Re | [65] | |
| L. papillosa (R) | DCM/(DCM:MeOH)/MeOH/H2O | MIC (0.8/0.2/0.8/0.4) MBC (1.4/0.2/1.6/0.6) |
Re/Re/Re/Re | [62] |
| Padina antillarum (B) | MeOH/EtAc | MIC (3.75/3.75) | I/I | [66] |
| Padina boergeseni (B) | MIC (7.5/7.5) | I/I | ||
| Ulva flexuosa (G) | MIC (1.18/0.93) | S/S | ||
| Ulva lactuca (G)/Enteromorpha intestinales (G)/Cladophora vagabunda (G) | EtOH | R e/Re/I | [67] | |
| Grateloupia doryphora (R) | EtOH/MeOH/EtAc | NI | [68] | |
| Halimeda tuna (G)/Melanothamnus afaqhusainii (R)/Dictyota indica (B)/D. dichotoma var. intricata (B)/Sargassum lanceolatum (B) | EtOH | Re | [57] | |
| C. trinodis (B) | DiEt:EtOH:Hex | MIC (4.12) | [49] | |
| Cladophora glomerata (G) | EtOH | MIC (>1.25) | I | [50] |
| Enteromorpha linza (G) | MIC (>5) | Re | ||
| Ulva rigida (G) | MIC (>10) | Re | ||
| C. barbata (B) | MIC (>5) | Re | ||
| P. pavonica (B) | MIC (>1.25) | I | ||
| C. officinalis (R) | MIC (>1.25) | I | ||
| Ceramium ciliatum (R) | MIC (>5) | Re | ||
| D. membranacea (B) | H2O/EtAc/CHCl3 | NI | [59] | |
| Cymodocea nodosa (G)/H. tuna (G)/C. barbata (B)/Codium bursa (G) | DCM:MeOH | NI | [51] | |
| Chaetomorpha linum (G)/Cladophora rupestris (G)/Fucus serratus (B)/Halosiphon tomentosus (B)/Saccharina latissima (B)/Bonnemaisonia hamifera (R)/Callithamonion corymbosum (R)/Ceramium tenuicorne (R)/Dasya baillouviana (R)/Delesseria sanguinea (R)/Dumontia contorta (R)/Polysiphonia elongata (R)/Polysiphonia nigra (R)/R. confervoides (R) | DCM | NI | [69] | |
| G. corticata (R) | MeOH/DMSO | S/Re | [61] | |
| G. edulis (R) | MeOH | Re | ||
| S. lomentaria (B)/P. pavonica (B)/Cystoseira mediterranea (B)/Hypnea musciformis (R)/Spyridia filamentosa (R) | MeOH | I/I/NI/NI/Re | [54] | |
| A. fragilis (R)/C. myrica (B)/Hormophysa cuneiformis (B)/L. papillosa (R)/Sargassum cinereum (R)/Turbinaria turbinata (B) | MeOH | Re | [52] | |
| C. barbata (B) | EtOH | Re | [70] | |
| Kappaphycus alvarezii (R) | EtOH/Hot H2O | NI | [71] | |
| Oedogonium sp. (G) | MeOH/EtOH | NI | [72] | |
| Stigeoclonium sp. (G) | I/I | |||
| Ulothrix sp. (G) | I/I | |||
| Nitzschia sp. (G) | Re/I | |||
| Bifurcaria bifurcata (B) | MeOH/DCM | Re/NI | [53] | |
| Re/Re | ||||
| Hypnea flagelliformis (R) | MeOH/H2O/DCM | NI | [73] | |
| C. myrica (B) | NI | |||
| Sargassum boveanum(B) | NI | |||
| Turbinaria conoides (B) | n-Hex/ClHx/MeOH/(EtOH:H2O) | Re/Re/NI | [74] | |
| Cystoseira tamariscifolia (B)/P. pavonica (B)/R. confervoides (R)/U. lactuca (G) | MeOH | I/I/I/Re | [60] | |
| Laurencia obtusa (R)/Codium elongatum (G)/C. multifida (B) | AcO | MIC (0.17/2.5/0.16) | [42] | |
| Fucus vesiculosus (B)/Cystoseira baccata (B) | EtOH | IC50 (2.25/2.5) | [43] | |
| Saccharina japonica (B) | CO2 | MIC (3.4) | [44] | |
| Enteromorpha prolifera (G) | PeEt/DiEt/EtAc/MeOH | I/I/R e/I | [58] | |
| Ulva reticulata (G) | S/I/Re/I | |||
| C. myrica (B) | I | |||
| P. pavonica (B) | I | |||
| Turbinaria triquetra (B) | I | |||
| Sargassum portieriatum (B) | S/I/I/I | |||
| G. multipartite (R) | I/I/I/Re | |||
| Hypnea esperi (R)/Caulerpa prolifera (G) | MeOH | Re/NI | [75] | |
| Himanthalia elongata (B) | n-Hex/EtOH/H2O | MBC (7.2/6.0/12.5) | [21] | |
| Sargassum ilicifolium (B)/H. cuneiformis (B)/S. polycystum (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/Turbinaria decurrens (B)/Turbinaria ornata (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| Sargassum incisifolium(B) | EtAc | Re | [76] | |
| L. complanata (R) | MeOH/Hex f/(Hex:EtAc) f/MeOH f | Re/NI/NI/NI | [77] | |
| Grateloupia sp. (R)/G. corticata (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Meta-mastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/Neurymenia fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | Re | ||
| Halymenia sp. (R) | DiEt | Re | ||
| U. reticulata (G) | (MeOH:CHCl3:H2O) | I | [78] | |
| U. rigida (G) | (EtOH:H2O)/Hex f/CHCl3 f/EtAc f/ButOH f/H2O f | Re/NI/I/Re/NI/NI | [45] | |
| NI/Re/NI/NI/NI | ||||
| U. lactuca (G)/D. dichotoma (B) | MeOH/DiEt/CHCl3 | Re/Re/S | [79] | |
| Re/Re/Re | ||||
| U. rigida (G) | DCM/DCM:MeOH | NI/Re | [80] |
Seaweed information: (G)—green algae (Chlorophytes); (R)—red algae (Rhodophytes); (B)—brown algae (Phaeophyta); nd—not determined. Solvents: AcO—acetone; EtOH—ethanol; MeOH—methanol; DCM—dichloromethane; EtAc—ethylacetate; H2O—water; Hex—hexane; CO2—carbon dioxide; DMSO—dimethilsulfoxide; CHCl3—chloroform; BuOH—butanol; PeEt—petroleum ether; DIEt—diethyl ether; PolySA—polysaccharides agar; f—fraction. Agar diffusion: re—resistant ≤ 14 mm I—intermediate 15–19 mm S—susceptible ≥ 20 mm [32]; NI—no inhibition.