Table 2.
Antimicrobial effect of algae extracts in selected Gram-negative bacteria.
| Seaweed | Solvent | MIC/IC50/MBC (mg/mL) |
Agar Diffusion | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enterobacter spp. (E. cloacae) | ||||
| G. ornata (R) | H2O/EtOH f | Re | [64] | |
| Gracilaria sp. (R) | MeOH | NI | [65] | |
| H. cuneiformis (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/S. incisifolium (B)/S. polycystum (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/T. decurrens (B)/T. ornata (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| L. complanata (R)/Grateloupia sp. (R)/G. corticata (R)/Halymenia sp. (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Meta-mastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/N. fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | Re | [77] | |
| U. reticulata (G) | MeOH:CHCl3:H2O | S | [78] | |
| Proteus spp. (P. mirabilis; P. vulgaris) | ||||
| L. papillosa (R) | DCM/DCM:MeOH/MeOH/H2O | Re/Re/Re/Re | ||
| Sargassum binderi (B) | H2O/EtOH | Re/Re | [99] | |
| Amphiroa sp. (R) | Re/Re | |||
| T. conoides (B) | Re/Re | |||
| Halimeda macroloba (G) | Re/NI | |||
| Galaxaura rugosa (R) | EtOH/CHCL3 f/n-BuOH f/H2O f | MIC (2.5/1.25/2.5/5) | I/S/S/I | [97] |
| L. hawaiiana (R) | MIC (-/2.5/0.625/10) | NI/I/SI | ||
| Polysiphonia hainanensis (R) | EtOH/AcO | Re | [29] | |
| Halidrys siliquosa (B) | MeOH/Hex;EtAc f | MIC (1.25) | [117] | |
| T. conoides (B) | MeOH/CHCl3/EtOH/DiEt/PeEt/EtAc/AcO | Re | [101] | |
| P. gymnospora (B) | Re | |||
| S. tenerrimum (B) | Re/I/Re/Re/I/I/I | |||
| Padina tetrastromatica (B) | MeOH | Re | [100] | |
| Sargassum muticum (B) | AcO/CHCl3/MeOH | Re/Re/Re | [98] | |
| Salmonella spp. (S. choleraesuis; S. typhi; S. typhimurium; S. enterica; S. gallinarum) | ||||
| L. brandenii (R) | MeOH | Re | [63] | |
| L. complanata (R)/Grateloupia sp. (R)/G. corticata (R)/Halymenia sp. (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Meta-mastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/N. fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | Re | [77] | |
| G. ornata (R) | H2O/EtOH f | Re | [64] | |
| Cladophora socialis (G) | AcO/MeOH | S/I | [118] | |
| Sargassum latifolium B (B) | I/I | |||
| Sargassum platycarpum A (B) | Re/Re | |||
| D. membranacea (B) | MeHO:DCM/EtOH f/AcO f | Re/I/Re | [28] | |
| S. hytrix (B) | EtAc/MeOH | Re/NI | [47] | |
| C. racemosa (G) | Re/NI | |||
| S. dentifolium (B) | Re/NI | |||
| C. myrica (G) | NI/Re | |||
| P. gymnospora (B) | Re/I | |||
| C. fragile (G) | Re | |||
| A. fragilis (R) | Re/NI | |||
| C. trinodis (B) | Re/Re | |||
| H. tuna (G)/D. dichotoma var intricate (B)/D. indica (B)/M. afaqhusainii (R)/S. lanceolatum (B) | EtOH:H2O | Re/I/I/Re/Re | [57] | |
| C. glomerata (G)/E. linza (G)/U. rigida (G)/C. barbata (B)/P. pavonica (B)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. officinalis (R) | EtOH | I/Re/I/Re/R e/Re/I | [50] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | H2O/CHCl3/EtOAc | NI/NI/NI | [59] | |
| S. lomentaria (B)/P. pavonica (B)/C. mediterranea (B)/H. musciformis (R)/S. filamentosa (R) | MeOH | I/NI/NI/NI/NI | [54] | |
| E. cava (B) | EtOH/n-Hex/DCM/EtAc/n-BuOH/H2O/Ac | MIC (2/NI/NI/0.25/2/NI/9.7 × 10−4) | [109] | |
| C. barbata (B) | EtOH | Re | [70] | |
| H. flagelliformis (R) | MeOH | NI | [73] | |
| C. myrica (B) | MeOH | |||
| S. boveanum (B) | H2O/MeOH/DCM | |||
| S. japonica (B) | Raw material/Raw material + catalyst/De-oiled/de-oiled + catalyst | NI/Re/NI/Re | [44] | |
| H. esperi (R)/C. prolifera (G) | MeOH | NI | [75] | |
| H. cuneiformis (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/S. polycystum (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/T. ornata (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| Shigella sp. (reference strains: ATCC 9204 and 1457) | ||||
| H. cuneiformis (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/S. incisifolium (B)/S. polycystum (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/T. decurrens (B)/T. ornata (B) | MeOH:DCM | Re | [76] | |
| S. muticum (B) | CHCl3/AcO/MeOH | Re | [98] | |
| C. rubrum (R) | DiEt/MeOH/EtOH/CHCl3 | Re/Re/I/Re | [88] | |
| S. vulgare (B) | Re/Re/NI/NI | |||
| S. fusiforme (B) | Re/NI/Re/Re | |||
| P. pavonia (B) | Re/Re/S/Re | |||
| T. conoides (B) | MeOH/AcO/PeEt/EtOH/EtAc/CHCl3/DiEt | Re | [101] | |
| P. gymnospora (B) | I/I/Re/Re/I/R e/I | |||
| S. tenerrimum (B) | I/Re/I/Re/I/R e/I | |||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reference strains: ATCC 25619/27853/85327/9027; KCTC 1637; DSM 50071; MTCC 2453/424) | ||||
| L. brandenii (R) | MeOH | Re | [63] | |
| G. ornata (R) | H2O/EtOH/EtOH | Re | [64] | |
| G. changii (R) | MeOH | MIC (6.25) | Re | [119] |
| C. rupestris (G) | CHCl3:MeOH | Re | [120] | |
| C. trinodis (B) | (C2H5)2:EtOH:Hex | MIC (6.6) | [49] | |
| C. myrica (B)/C. trinodis (B)/P. gymnospora (B)/S. dentifolium (B)/S. hystrix (B)/A. fragilis (R)/Caulerpa racemose (G)/C. fragile (G) | MeOH/EtOH | Re | [47] | |
| P. australis (B) | MeOH/DCM/n-Hex | MIC (0.26/0.26/0.73) | [48] | |
| S.polycystum TK (B) | MIC (0.73/0.21/0.10) | |||
| S.polycystum CR (B) | MIC (0.21/0.21/0.10) | |||
| L. papillosa (R) | DCM/DCM:MeOH/MeOH/H2O | Re/I/Re/Re | [62] | |
| U. flexuosa (G)/P. antillarum (B)/P. boergeseni (B) | EtAc/MeOH | NI | [66] | |
| G. doryphora (R) | EtOH/MeOH/EtAc | Re | [68] | |
| Eisenia bicyclis (B) | MeOH/Hex/DCM/EtAc/BuOH | NI | [121] | |
| H. tuna (G)/D. dichotoma var intricate (B)/D. indica (B)/M. afaqhusainii (R)/S. lanceolatum (B) | EtOH/H2O | Re | [57] | |
| C. glomerata (G)/E. linza (G)/U. rigida (G)/C. barbata (B)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. officinalis (R) | EtOH | I/Re/Re/eRe/Re/Re | [50] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | H2O/CHCl3/EtAc | NI/NI/NI | [59] | |
| C. linum (G)/C. rupestris (G)/F. serratus (B)/F. vesiculosus (B)/H. tomentosus (B)/S. latissima(B)/B. hamifera (R)/C. corymbosum (R)/C. tenuicorn (R)/Ceramium virgatum (R)/D. baillouviana (R)/D. sanguinea (R)/D. contorta (R)/P. elongata (R)/P. nigra (R)/R. confervoides (R) | DCM | NI | [69] | |
| B. bifurcata (B) | MeOH/DCM | Re/Re | [53] | |
| T. conoides (B) | n-Hex/C6H12/MeOH/EtOH:H2O | NI/R e/Re/NI | [74] | |
| C. tamariscifolia (B)/P. pavonica (B)/R. confervoides (R)/U. lactuca (G) | MeOH | I/I/I/Re | [60] | |
| E. prolifera (G) | DiEt | MIC (1.25 × 10−3) | [58] | |
| S. portieriatum (B) | MeOH | MIC (7.5 × 10−4) | ||
| H. esperi (R) | MeOH | NI | [75] | |
| C. prolifera (G) | I | |||
| H. cuneiformis (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/T. ornata (B) | MeOH | NI/Re/Re | [76] | |
| H. elongata (B) | H2O/MeOH | Re | [30] | |
| U. rigida (G) | EtOH:H2O/Hex/CHCl3 f/EtOAc f/ButOH f/H2O | Re/NI/Re/Re/NI/NI | [45] | |
| S. vulgare (B) | DIEt/MeOH/EtOH/CHCl3 | Re/NI/NI/NI | [88] | |
| S. fusiforme (B) | S/Re/Re/NI | |||
| P. pavonia (B) | I/NI/I/I | |||
| C. rubrum (R) | I/NI/I/NI | |||
Seaweed information: (G)—green algae (Chlorophytes); (R)—red algae (Rhodophytes); (B)—brown algae (Phaeophyta); nd—not determined. Solvents: AcO—acetone; EtOH—ethanol; MeOH—methanol; n-BuOH—butanol; DCM—dichloromethane; EtAc—ethylacetate; EtOAc—ethyl ethanoate; H2O—water; Hex—hexane; CO2—carbon dioxide; DMSO—dimethilsulfoxide; CHCl3—chloroform; BuOH—butanol; PeEt—petroleum ether; DIEt—diethyl ether; PolySA—polysaccharides agar; f—fraction. Agar diffusion: Re—resistant ≤ 14 mm; I—intermediate 15–19 mm; S—susceptible ≥ 20 mm [32]; NI—no inhibition.