Table 3.
Antimicrobial effect of alga extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (reference strains: ATCC 25923/2940/11632/6538/6462/333591; TISTR517; CMCC(B)26003; BAA-42; PTCC1112; RCM 010027).
| Seaweed | Solvent | MIC/IC50/MBC (mg/mL) |
Agar Diffusion | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. socialis (G) | AcO/MeOH | I/S | [118] | |
| S. latifolium (B) | I/S | |||
| S. platycarpum (B) | Re/I | |||
| C. elongatum (G)/L. obtusa (R)/C. multifida (B) | AcO | MIC (0.63 × 103) | [125] | |
| H. macroloba (G)/S. binderi (B)/Amphiroa sp. (B)/T. conoides (B) | AcO | Re | [99] | |
| U. lactuca (G)/C. fragile (G)/L. johnstonii (R)/Gymnogongrus martinensis (R)/D. flabellata (B)/Padina concrescens (B) | AcO:MeOH | Re/NI/I/NI/NI/NI | [127] | |
| U. flexuosa (G)/P. antillarum (B)/P. boergeseni (B) | MeOH/EtAc | MIC (3.75/1.87) | I/S | [66] |
| MIC (7.5/3.75) | I/S | |||
| MIC (15/3.75) | Re/I | |||
| U. rigida (G) | DCM | Re | [80] | |
| DCM:MeOH | ||||
| H. tuna (G)/D. dichotoma var intricata (B)/D. indica (B)/S. lanceolatum (B)/D. dichotoma var intricata (B)/M. afaqhusainii (R) | EtOH | Re | [57] | |
| C. glomerata (G)/E. linza (G)/U. rigida (G)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. barbata (B)/P. pavonica (B)/C. officinalis (B) | EtOH | MIC (>1.25/>2.5/>2.5/>10/>1.25/>1.25/>5) | I/Re/I/Re/I/I/Re | [50] |
| C. nodosa (G)/H. tuna (G)/C. barbata (G)/C. bursa (G) | MeOH | Re | [51] | |
| Oedogonium sp. (G) | MeOH/EtOH | NI | [72] | |
| Stigeoclonium sp. (G) | Re/I | |||
| Ulothrix sp. (G) | Re | |||
| Nitzschia sp. (G) | Re/I | |||
| E. prolifera (G) | EtAc | MIC (1.0 × 103) | [81] | |
| P. pavonica (B) | PeEt | MIC (1.25 × 103) | ||
| C. prolifera (G)/H. esperi (R) | MeOH | MIC (0.6/0.5) | I | [75] |
| U. reticulata (G) | H2O | S | [128] | |
| U. rigida (G) | Hex/CHCl3/EtOAc/ButOH/H2O/Hex/CHCl3/EtOAc/ButOH/H2O | NI/NI/Re/Re/Re/I/I/Re/NI/NI | [45] | |
| Ulva fasciata (G)/Chaetomorpha antennina (G)/Caula anthus okamurai (R)/Ahnfeltiopsis masudai (R)/P. hainanensis (R)/Sargassum hemiphyllum (R)/Sargassum vachellianum (R)/Pachydictyon coriaceum (B) | EtOH | Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/I/I/Re | [29] | |
| L. brandenii (R) | CHCl3/MeOH | I | [63] | |
| G. ornata (R) | MeOH | Re | [64] | |
| Gracilaria sp. (R) | PolySA/MeOH | NI | [65] | |
| L. papillosa (R) | EtOH/MOH/AcO | Re | [62] | |
| G. corticata (R)/G. edulis (R) | MeOH/DMSO | Re | [61] | |
| H. musciformis (R)/S. filamentosa (R)/S. lomentaria (B)/P. pavonica (B)/C. mediterranea (B) | MeOH | Re | [54] | |
| A. fragilis (R)/L. papillosa (R)/S. cinereum (R)/C. myrica (B)/H. cuneiformis (B)/T. turbinata (B) | DMSO | Re | [52] | |
| H. flagelliformis (R) | DCM/MeOH | Re | [73] | |
| C. myrica (B) | NI | |||
| S. boveanum (B) | NI | |||
| R. confervoides (R)/U. lactuca (G)/C. tamariscifolia (B)/P. pavonica (B) | MeOH | I | [60] | |
| L. complanata (R)/Grateloupia sp. (R)/G. corticata (R)/Halymenia sp. (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Metamastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/N. fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | Re | [77] | |
| P. gymnospora (B) | H2O | MIC (500 × 103) | [132] | |
| Sargassum oligocystum (B) | Hot H2O | MIC (3.18) | [129] | |
| E. bicyclis (B) | MeOH/Hex/DCM/EtAc/BuOH | MIC (1.02/256/512/128 × 103/512 × 103) | Re | [121] |
| C. trinodis (B) | DIEt:EtOH:Hex | MIC (1.031) | [49] | |
| S. vulgare (B) | EtAc | Re | [130] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | H2O/DCM/EtAc | Re | [59] | |
| E. cava (B) | EtOH/n-Hex/DCM/EtAc/n-BuOH/H2O | MIC (500 × 103/nd/nd/250 × 103/nd/nd) | [109] | |
| C. barbata (B) | EtOH | Re | [70] | |
| B. bifurcata (B) | MeOH/DCM | Re/NI | [53] | |
| D. dichotoma (B)/P. pavonia (B)/S. vulgare (B) | AcO | MIC (1.25/1.25/2.5) | [41] | |
| F. vesiculosus (B) | EtOH | IC50: (1.25) | [43] | |
| S. japonica (B) | CO2 | MIC (3) | [44] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | MeOH:DCM/EtOH/AcO | Re/S/S | [28] | |
| H. elongata (B) | Hex/EtOH/H2O | MBC (8.25/7.00/13.0) | [21] | |
| H. cuneiformis (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/S. incisifolium (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/T. decurrens (B)/T. ornata (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| F. serratus (B)/F. vesiculosus (B) | H2O/MeOH/AcO/EtAc | I | [131] |
Seaweed information: (G)—green algae (Chlorophytes); (R)—red algae (Rhodophytes); (B)—brown algae (Phaeophyta); nd—not determined. Solvents: AcO—acetone; EtOH—ethanol; MeOH—methanol; DCM—dichloromethane; EtAc—ethylacetate; H2O—water; Hex—hexane; CO2—carbon dioxide; DMSO—dimethilsulfoxide; CHCl3—chloroform; BuOH—butanol; PeEt—petroleum ether; DIEt—diethyl ether; PolySA—polysaccharides agar; f—fraction. Agar diffusion: Re—resistant ≤ 14 mm; I—intermediate 15–19 mm; S—susceptible ≥ 20 mm [32]; NI—no inhibition.