Table 4.
Antimicrobial effect of alga extracts in selected Gram-positive bacteria.
| Seaweed | Solvent | MIC/IC50/MBC (mg/mL) |
Agar Diffusion | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. cereus (reference strains: ATCC 10876/11778/13061/14579; CMCC-B-63303) | ||||
| C. racemosa (G)/C. fragile (G)/A. fragilis (R)/C. myrica (B)/C. trinodis (B)/P. gymnospora (B)/S. dentifolium (B)/S. hystrix (B) | EtAc | Re | [47] | |
| C. glomerata (G)/E. linza (G)/U. rigida (G) | EtAc | MIC (>10) | Re | [50] |
| C. officinalis (R)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. barbata (B)/P. pavonica (B) | EtOH | MIC (>10) | Re | |
| P. capillacea (R)/D. membranacea (B) | Cold H2O/Hot H2O | Re/NA | [11] | |
| S. polycystum C, TK (B) | MeOH/DCM/n-Hex | MIC (0.13/0.21/0.37) | [48] | |
| S. polycystum C, CR (B) | MIC (0.21/0.21/0.07) | |||
| P. australis, CR (B) | MIC (0.21/0.21/0.07) | |||
| L. complanata (R)/Grateloupia sp. (R)/G. corticata (R)/Halymenia sp. (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Meta-mastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/N. fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | S/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re | [77] | |
| S. vulgare (B) | MeOH: CHCl3 | MIC (3.75) MBC (>15) |
Re | [130] |
| Cladostephus hirsutus (B) | MIC (1.87) MBC (>15) |
|||
| Rissoella verruculosa (R) | MIC (7.5) MBC (>15) |
|||
| C. racemosa (G) | Hex/CHCl3/EtAc/EtOH/MeOH/H2O | MIC (0.3/0.6/0.3/2.5/1.2/-) MBC (0.3/0.6/0.3/2.5/-/-) |
[57] | |
| Caulerpa sertularioides (G) | MIC (0.2/0.1/0.2/0.3/1.2/-) MBC (0.6/0.2/0.2/0.6/1.2/-) |
|||
| K. alvarezii (R) | MIC (1.2/1.2/2.5/-/-) MBC (1.2/1.2/2.5/-/-) |
|||
| K. alvarezi (R) | EtOH/H2O | Re | [71] | |
| S. ilicifolium (B)/S. incisifolium (B)/H. cuneiformis (B)/S. polycystum (B)/Sargassum sp. (B)/T. conoides (B)/T. ornata (B)/T. decurrens (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| C. anthus okamurai (R)/P. hainanensis (R)/Hypnea chordacea (R)/Hypnea japonica (R)/Hypnea boergesenii (R)/L. okamurai (R)/L. chinensis (R)/P. arborescens (B)/1 P. coriaceum (B)/Ulva conglobata (G)/U. fasciata (G)/C. antennina (G)/C. cylindricum (G) | AcO | Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/I/Re/Re/I/I | [29] | |
| U. rigida (G) | MeOH/Hex f/CHCl3 f/EtAc f/BuOH f/H2O | Re/Re/I/Re/NI/NI | [45] | |
| Enterococus spp.: E. faecalis (ATCC 29737, 29219); E. faecium (ATCC 19434) | ||||
| C. rupestris (G) | CHCl3: MeOH | Re | [120] | |
| U. flexuosa (G) | MeOH/EtAc | MIC (15/3.75) | [57] | |
| P. antillarum (B) | MIC (15/7.5) | |||
| P. boergeseni (B) | MIC (15/7.5) | |||
| U. rigida (G) | DCM | Re/I | [80] | |
| DCM:MeOH | Re/I | |||
| C. nodosa (G)/H. tuna (G)/C. bursa (G)/C. barbata (B) | DCM:MeOH | N/D | [51] | |
| H. musciformis (G)/S. lomentaria (B)/S. filamentosa (R)/P. pavonica (B)/C. mediterranea (B) | MeOH | ND/Re/ND/Re/ND/ND | [54] | |
| U. rigida (G) | Hex f/CHCl3 f/EtAc f/BuOH f/H2O f | ND/I/Re/ND/ND | [45] | |
| Grateloupia doryphore (R) | MeOH/EtAc/EtOH | Re | [68] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | MeOH:DCM/EtOH f/AcO f/MeOH/DCM f/MeOH:DCM/EtOH f/AcO f/MeOH:DCM f | I/S/S/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re | [28] | |
| L. monocytogenes (reference strains: NCTC 11994; ATCC 19115) | ||||
| C. glomerata (G)/E. linza (G)/U. rigida (G)/C. officinalis (R)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. barbata (B)/P. pavonica (B) | EtOH | MBC (>1.25/>2.2/>10/>2.5/>2.5/>2.5/>1.25) | Re | [50] |
| U. rigida (G) | Hex f/CHCl3 f | S/Re | [45] | |
| D. membranacea (B) | H2O | I | [59] | |
| H. elongata (B) | H2O | Re | [30] | |
| 20% MeOH | Re | |||
| 40% MeOH | Re | |||
| 60% MeOH | Re | |||
| 80% MeOH | Re | |||
| MeOH | Re | |||
| C. glomerata (G)/U. rigida (G)/E. linza (G)/C. barbata (B)/P. pavonica (B)/C. ciliatum (R)/C. officinalis (R) | EtOH | I/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re/Re | [50] | |
| Streptococcus spp. (S. agalactiae; S. pneumoniae; S. suis; S. aureus; S. mutans; S. pyogenes) | ||||
| L. brandenii (R) | PeEt:DCM (6:4) f | Re | [154] | |
| C. rupestris (G) | DCM:MeOH | Re | [120] | |
| L. papillosa (R) | DCM/(DCM:MeOH)/MeOH/H2O | Re/Re/Re | [155] | |
| H. cuneiformis, (B)/T. ornata (B)/T. conoides (B)/S. polycystum. (B)/S. ilicifolium (B)/S. incisifolium (B)/T. decurrens (B)/Sargassum sp. (B) | MeOH | Re | [76] | |
| L. complanata (R) | MeOH/DCM f/(Pentene:DIEt) f/MeOH f | S/Re/Re/Re | [77] | |
| G. corticata (R)/Halymenia sp. (R)/Spyridia sp. (R)/Meta-mastophora sp. (R)/Calloseris sp. (R)/N. fraxinifolia (R) | MeOH | Re | [77] | |
| Ulva armoricana (G) | SPoly f | MIC (6.25) | [156] | |
| E. linza (G) | EtOH/MeOH/AcO | Re/Re/I | [157] | |
| T. conoides (B)/P. gymnospora (B)/S. tenerrimum (B) | MeOH/AcO/PeEt/EtOH/EtAc/CHCl3/DiEt | Re | [101] | |
| G. rugosa (R) | CHCl3/n-BuOH/H2O | Re/I/S | [97] | |
| L. hawaiiana (R) | S/NI/NI | |||
Seaweed information: (G)—green algae (Chlorophytes); (R)—red algae (Rhodophytes); (B)—brown algae (Phaeophyta); nd—not determined. Solvents: AcO—acetone; EtOH—ethanol; MeOH—methanol; DCM—dichloromethane; EtAc—ethylacetate; H2O—water; Hex—hexane; CO2—carbon dioxide; DMSO—dimethilsulfoxide; CHCl3—chloroform; BuOH—butanol; PeEt—petroleum ether; DIEt—diethyl Ether; PolySA—polysaccharides agar; f—fraction. Agar diffusion: Re—resistant ≤ 14 mm; I—intermediate 15–19 mm; S—susceptible ≥ 20 mm [32]; vs.—very strong; NI—no inhibition.