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. 2020 Oct 30;10:18740. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-75261-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial distribution of 2015–2016 MDHS clusters. (a) P. falciparum prevalence by cluster and cluster size, (b) weighted P. falciparum prevalence by district, (c) smoothed PCR P. falciparum prevalence estimates using simple kriging, (d) smoothed P. falciparum standard error estimates using simple kriging. Clusters with fewer than five observations were removed prior to kriging to reduce the influence of extreme values due to small sample sizes. Smoothed surfaces are meant to demonstrate regional differences and should not be used for interpretation into areas where data do not exist. All maps were run using R 3.5.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and the sf (v0.9–2; Pebesma, 2020) package.