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. 2020 Nov 1;21:289. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01552-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Sputum microbiome profiles in COPD patients at baseline. A proportion of patients provided sufficient sample for 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Shannon Diversity and relative abundance of major bacterial taxa and genera for PPM groups defined by genome copies per mL of ≥ 1 × 10⁴; no colonisation (NC), Haemophilus influenzae (HI), Streptococcus pneumonia (SP) and > 1PPM n = 153 (a), Correlation analysis for shannon diversity of paired samples at baseline and 6 months (n = 54) (b), Composition dissimilarity analysis between paired samples at baseline and 6 months, and samples from different individuals (n = 54) (c). *, **, ***Significant difference to no colonisation group (FDR p < 0.05, < 0.01 and < 0.001 respectively)