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. 2006 May 19;16(3):107–116. doi: 10.2188/jea.16.107

Table 1. Daily nutrient intake assessed with a self-administered food frequency questionnaire calculated using the previous and revised databases.

Cohort I Cohort II
Previous database* Revised database† Mean
difference‡ 		%
changes§ 		P-value∥ Previous database* Revised database† Mean
difference‡ 		%
changes§ 		P-value∥
Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Mean SD Median Mean SD Median
Male
n=102 n=174
Energy (kcal) 2313 693 2274 2313 665 2263 1 0.4 0.92 2148 636 2091 2196 648 2126 48 2.3 <0.001
Protein (g) 86.7 35.9 78.0 81.4 32.2 75.4 -5.3 -5.6 <0.001 77.0 29.3 72.9 75.6 28.7 71.2 -1.5 -1.9 <0.001
Total fat (g) 63.6 27.7 59.9 61.4 26.4 58.0 -2.2 -3.1 <0.001 59.5 25.0 54.7 59.8 25.7 54.8 0.4 0.3 0.02
Carbohydrate (g) 304 100 291 306 100 296 3 1.0 0.01 281 83 267 285 85 271 5 1.6 <0.001
Sodium (mg) 5615 2608 5356 5309 2384 5302 -306 -4.2 <0.001 4941 2529 4344 4577 2162 3990 -365 -6.1 <0.001
Potassium (mg) 3212 1483 3001 3138 1430 2910 -74 -2.2 <0.001 2996 1332 2691 2929 1279 2602 -67 -2.0 <0.001
Calcium (mg) 656 393 591 600 362 554 -57 -7.7 <0.001 612 365 529 593 370 506 -19 -3.9 <0.001
Phosphorus (mg) 1380 555 1329 1269 502 1234 -110 -7.7 <0.001 1250 468 1156 1195 467 1088 -55 -4.8 <0.001
Iron (mg) 11.8 5.2 11.1 10.5 4.0 10.2 -1.3 -8.9 <0.001 10.2 4.0 9.5 9.2 3.3 8.4 -0.9 -8.3 <0.001
Retinol (μg) 619 566 503 644 566 521 25 7.1 <0.001 515 390 459 544 397 482 29 8.9 <0.001
Alpha-carotene (μg) 561 545 398 732 745 539 171 31.3 <0.001 520 544 403 708 758 539 188 36.6 <0.001
Beta-carotene (μg) 3044 2582 2556 4445 3613 3815 1401 48.6 <0.001 2715 2305 2202 4088 3346 3331 1373 53.6 <0.001
Vitamin B1 (mg) 1.24 0.50 1.11 1.12 0.51 0.99 -0.11 -10.0 <0.001 1.24 0.58 1.12 1.11 0.55 0.99 -0.13 -11.4 <0.001
Vitamin B2 (mg) 1.72 0.75 1.62 1.64 0.72 1.53 -0.08 -4.9 <0.001 1.62 0.73 1.44 1.52 0.70 1.33 -0.11 -6.5 <0.001
Niacin (mg) 20.5 8.3 18.5 22.7 9.1 20.6 2.2 10.9 <0.001 18.6 7.9 17.4 20.5 8.7 18.6 1.8 9.9 <0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.98 0.80 1.81 1.81 0.75 1.66 -0.17 -8.8 <0.001 1.82 0.75 1.71 1.65 0.68 1.55 -0.17 -9.2 <0.001
Vitamin B12 (μg) 12.2 8.5 9.8 11.0 7.5 8.8 -1.2 -7.4 <0.001 10.6 6.3 8.8 9.5 5.5 8.1 -1.1 -9.3 <0.001
Folate (μg) 319 152 288 473 231 444 154 48.0 <0.001 297 134 272 421 190 370 124 42.1 <0.001
Vitamin C (mg) 166 118 157 159 108 148 -7 -3.5 <0.001 159 102 137 152 92 132 -7 -2.8 <0.001
Saturated fatty acid (g) 18.2 8.9 17.0 17.9 8.9 16.5 -0.2 -1.4 0.02 17.8 8.6 15.3 18.0 8.8 15.4 0.1 0.5 0.01
Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) 23.8 10.7 23.2 21.0 9.3 20.5 -2.8 -11.5 <0.001 22.6 10.1 21.2 20.4 9.2 19.0 -2.2 -9.8 <0.001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) 14.7 6.7 13.3 14.6 6.1 14.1 -0.1 0.7 0.52 12.8 5.1 12.2 13.8 5.8 13.1 0.9 6.8 <0.001
Cholesterol (mg) 334 155 320 327 150 314 -8 -1.8 <0.001 323 184 295 316 173 288 -7 -1.2 <0.001
Water-soluble fiber (g) 2.3 1.5 2.0 3.4 1.8 3.0 1.0 56.8 <0.001 2.3 1.5 2.0 3.2 1.7 2.8 0.9 49.8 <0.001
Water-insoluble fiber (g) 10.3 5.4 9.5 10.6 5.7 9.9 0.3 3.2 0.01 9.6 4.7 8.9 9.8 4.9 8.8 0.2 1.6 0.06
Total dietary fiber (g) 14.6 7.5 13.6 14.4 7.6 13.1 -0.2 -0.9 0.39 13.9 6.8 12.8 13.5 6.9 12.0 -0.4 -3.1 <0.001
NaCl deducted from sodium content (g) 14.3 6.6 13.6 13.4 6.0 13.4 -0.9 -4.9 <0.001 12.6 6.4 11.0 11.5 5.5 10.0 -1.0 -6.9 <0.001
 
Female
n=113 n=176
Energy (kcal) 1992 850 1834 1968 788 1837 -24 -0.6 0.01 1803 645 1680 1841 654 1721 38 2.1 <0.001
Protein (g) 80.9 46.0 71.3 75.7 39.3 67.3 -5.2 -5.3 <0.001 71.2 31.3 65.9 70.4 31.2 65.4 -0.8 -1.2 <0.001
Total fat (g) 62.8 36.7 54.5 60.5 32.9 53.1 -2.3 -2.8 <0.001 57.8 29.4 52.5 58.4 29.6 52.1 0.5 0.6 <0.001
Carbohydrate (g) 274 97 259 274 97 263 0 0.3 0.83 249 77 235 254 78 241 5 2.0 <0.001
Sodium (mg) 5308 3111 4718 4985 2866 4434 -323 -4.7 <0.001 4576 2461 4145 4177 2195 3789 -398 -8.1 <0.001
Potassium (mg) 3282 1876 2803 3199 1832 2756 -83 -2.5 <0.001 3072 1489 2739 3024 1468 2712 -48 -1.6 <0.001
Calcium (mg) 682 409 587 624 331 543 -58 -6.9 <0.001 640 374 560 628 379 550 -12 -2.4 <0.001
Phosphorus (mg) 1295 651 1159 1200 585 1079 -95 -7.1 <0.001 1166 482 1048 1133 498 1030 -33 -3.6 <0.001
Iron (mg) 11.8 7.1 10.6 10.0 5.0 9.0 -1.8 -12.5 <0.001 10.2 4.8 9.2 9.2 3.9 8.3 -1.0 -8.6 <0.001
Retinol (μg) 592 697 418 621 701 438 30 11.1 <0.001 490 534 335 525 540 374 35 12.5 <0.001
Alpha-carotene (μg) 579 495 433 768 647 558 188 31.1 <0.001 566 559 412 769 794 562 203 34.2 <0.001
Beta-carotene (μg) 3290 2493 2789 4920 3607 4147 1630 51.4 <0.001 3069 2690 2434 4659 3927 3724 1590 55.0 <0.001
Vitamin B1 (mg) 1.21 0.63 1.05 1.14 0.66 0.96 -0.07 -7.6 <0.001 1.20 0.61 1.05 1.10 0.57 0.94 -0.11 -9.5 <0.001
Vitamin B2 (mg) 1.68 0.86 1.51 1.59 0.80 1.44 -0.09 -5.2 <0.001 1.63 0.78 1.47 1.55 0.73 1.39 -0.08 -4.7 <0.001
Niacin (mg) 18.0 10.9 15.6 19.8 11.7 17.1 1.8 10.7 <0.001 16.5 8.5 14.9 18.1 9.1 16.3 1.6 9.9 <0.001
Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.75 1.05 1.51 1.62 1.01 1.41 -0.13 -7.6 <0.001 1.62 0.81 1.46 1.51 0.73 1.35 -0.12 -6.8 <0.001
Vitamin B12 (μg) 11.2 10.9 8.8 10.3 9.3 7.8 -0.9 -6.0 <0.001 9.6 6.2 8.4 8.6 5.3 7.3 -1.0 -7.9 <0.001
Folate (μg) 327 187 277 476 287 419 149 45.7 <0.001 306 166 273 454 237 397 148 49.1 <0.001
Vitamin C (mg) 192 159 156 181 144 150 -11 -4.9 <0.001 189 121 161 181 112 154 -8 -2.9 <0.001
Saturated fatty acid (g) 17.8 9.1 15.4 17.6 8.9 15.5 -0.3 -1.4 0.01 17.5 9.8 15.7 17.7 9.9 15.7 0.2 0.9 <0.001
Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) 23.4 14.0 19.9 20.5 11.7 17.5 -2.9 -11.9 <0.001 21.8 11.9 19.4 19.6 10.7 17.2 -2.2 -10.2 <0.001
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) 14.8 10.4 12.4 14.7 9.0 12.6 -0.2 1.2 0.45 12.6 5.9 11.4 13.6 6.6 12.3 1.0 7.0 <0.001
Cholesterol (mg) 316 168 306 309 162 301 -7 -1.5 <0.001 290 171 269 285 164 264 -5 -0.9 <0.001
Water-soluble fiber (g) 2.7 2.0 2.2 3.8 2.5 3.3 1.1 47.5 <0.001 2.7 1.6 2.2 3.6 2.0 3.2 0.9 38.8 <0.001
Water-insoluble fiber (g) 11.3 7.4 9.5 11.7 7.8 10.2 0.4 3.7 <0.001 10.5 5.5 9.3 10.8 5.9 9.5 0.2 1.4 0.01
Total dietary fiber (g) 16.1 10.3 14.1 16.1 10.5 14.2 0.1 0.2 0.73 15.2 7.8 13.7 14.9 8.0 13.0 -0.3 -2.5 0.01
NaCl deducted from sodium content (g) 13.5 7.9 12.0 12.6 7.3 11.2 -0.9 -5.3 <0.001 11.6 6.2 10.5 10.5 5.5 9.5 -1.1 -9.3 <0.001

*: The Fourth Revised Edition of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan

† : The Fifth Revised Edition of the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan

‡ : Invidiual intake level calculated with the previous database was subtracted from the intake level calculated with the revised database.

§ : Difference between intake calculated with the previous and revised databases was divided by intake calculated with the previous database at the individual level.

∥ : Statistical difference tested by Student’s t-test