Table 1. Anthropometric indices, lifestyle factors and energy intake per day by rate of eating.
| Rate of eating categories | P-value | Trend p | |||||
| Very slow | Relatively slow |
Medium | Relatively fast |
Very fast | |||
| Men (n=3737) | |||||||
| n (%) | 63 (1.7) | 395 (10.6) | 1383 (37.0) | 1400 (37.5) | 496 (13.3) | ||
| Age (year)* | 49.3±7.3 | 48.8±7.3 | 48.5±7.2 | 47.9±7.0 | 47.2±7.0 | 0.01† | 0.03 |
| Current body height (cm)* | 167.7±5.5 | 168.1±6.0 | 168.3±5.6 | 169.0±5.6 | 169.5±5.6 | <0.001† | 0.01 |
| Current body weight (kg)* | 61.5±8.3 | 62.7±8.1 | 64.8±8.6 | 67.7±8.7 | 70.1±9.4 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| Current BMI (kg/m2)* | 21.8±2.5 | 22.2±2.5 | 22.8±2.6 | 23.7±2.7 | 24.4±2.9 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| Weight at age 20 (kg)* | 55.8±6.3 | 56.1±6.1 | 57.8±6.9 | 59.5±7.8 | 60.8±8.6 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| BMI at age 20 (kg/m2)* | 19.8±2.0 | 19.8±1.7 | 20.4±2.1 | 20.8±2.4 | 21.1±2.7 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| BMI-change (kg/m2)* | 2.0±2.0 | 2.3±2.2 | 2.4±2.3 | 2.9±2.5 | 3.3±2.8 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| ≥ 60 min/month | 39 (61.9) | 236 (59.7) | 843 (61.0) | 805 (57.5) | 267 (53.8) | 0.06‡ | |
| < 60 min/month | 24 (38.1) | 159 (40.3) | 540 (39.0) | 595 (42.5) | 229 (46.2) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoker | 26 (41.3) | 129 (32.7) | 483 (34.9) | 497 (35.5) | 192 (38.7) | 0.23‡ | |
| Former smoker | 12 (19.0) | 105 (26.6) | 397 (28.7) | 407 (29.1) | 144 (29.0) | ||
| Never smoker | 25 (39.7) | 161 (40.8) | 503 (36.4) | 496 (35.4) | 160 (32.3) | ||
| Alcohol drinking habit (times/week)* | 4.0±2.9 | 3.8±2.9 | 3.9±2.9 | 3.8±2.8 | 3.6±2.9 | 0.23† | 0.34 |
| Energy intake (1000 kcal/day)* | 2.09±0.62 | 2.08±0.60 | 2.10±0.63 | 2.15±0.68 | 2.24±0.77 | <0.001† | 0.04 |
| Women (n=1005) | |||||||
| n (%) | 19 (1.9) | 116 (11.5) | 425 (42.3) | 353 (35.1) | 92 (9.2) | ||
| Age (year)* | 46.3±6.4 | 47.0±7.9 | 46.0±7.0 | 46.2±7.0 | 46.5±6.9 | 0.72† | 0.89 |
| Current body height (cm)* | 155.7±4.5 | 155.3±5.7 | 156.6±5.3 | 156.1±5.4 | 156.8±5.8 | 0.22† | 0.31 |
| Current body weight (kg)* | 50.1±5.8 | 51.1±6.2 | 52.8±6.6 | 53.7±7.7 | 56.5±7.9 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| Current BMI (kg/m2)* | 20.6±1.9 | 21.2±2.5 | 21.5±2.6 | 22.0±2.9 | 23.0±3.1 | <0.001† | <0.001 |
| Weight at age 20 (kg)* | 47.3±4.5 | 48.5±5.4 | 49.5±5.6 | 50.2±6.8 | 50.9±7.1 | 0.01† | 0.01 |
| BMI at age 20 (kg/m2)* | 19.5±1.4 | 20.1±2.1 | 20.2±2.1 | 20.6±2.3 | 20.7±2.5 | 0.01† | 0.01 |
| BMI-change (kg/m2)* | 1.1±2.3 | 1.1±2.6 | 1.3±2.7 | 1.5±3.0 | 2.3±3.1 | 0.04† | 0.07 |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| ≥ 60 min/month | 8 (42.1) | 54 (46.6) | 192 (45.2) | 158 (44.8) | 39 (42.4) | 0.98‡ | |
| < 60 min/month | 11 (57.9) | 62 (53.4) | 233 (54.8) | 195 (55.2) | 53 (57.6) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current smoker | 3 (15.8) | 8 (6.9) | 23 (5.4) | 29 (8.2) | 10 (10.9) | 0.23‡ | |
| Former smoker | 2 (10.5) | 8 (6.9) | 16 (3.8) | 17 (4.8) | 5 (5.4) | ||
| Never smoker | 14 (73.7) | 100 (86.2) | 386 (90.8) | 307 (87.0) | 77 (83.7) | ||
| Alcohol drinking habit (times/week)* | 2.2±2.5 | 2.0±2.6 | 1.6±2.3 | 2.0±2.5 | 1.9±2.6 | 0.15† | 0.60 |
| Energy intake (1000 kcal/day)* | 1.78±0.52 | 1.57±0.49 | 1.70±0.55 | 1.62±0.49 | 1.78±0.78 | 0.01† | 0.91 |
* : mean ± standard deviation
† : one way analyses of variance
‡ : chi-square test
BMI : body mass index