Table 2. Comparison of baseline geometric means of serum carotenoid levels between those who died and survivors.

Serum carotenoids	Sex	Alive*	Cardiovascular death†	Heart disease death†	Stroke death†
α-carotene (μmol/L)	Males	0.106	0.090 (0.076)	0.081 (0.034)	0.095 (0.391)
	Females	0.166	0.146 (0.190)	0.147 (0.370)	0.145 (0.371)
β-carotene (μmol/L)	Males	0.425	0.388 (0.400)	0.413 (0.876)	0.356 (0.235)
	Females	0.969	0.759 (0.025)	0.864 (0.461)	0.679 (0.033)
Lycopene (μmol/L)	Males	0.258	0.221 (0.142)	0.237 (0.607)	0.194 (0.056)
	Females	0.371	0.327 (0.304)	0.248 (0.017)	0.424 (0.539)
Total carotene (μmol/L)	Males	0.848	0.750 (0.168)	0.789 (0.591)	0.685 (0.091)
	Females	1.587	1.321 (0.057)	1.343 (0.214)	1.296 (0.172)
n	Males	1140	49	24	24
	Females	1839	31	16	13

P values calculated using ANOVA after controlling for age in parentheses

Serum levels of total carotenes calculated as the sum of α-carotene, β-carotene, and lycopene levels.

Each serum level of carotenoids was transformed logarithmically.

* : The inhabitants who did not die of cardiovascular disease during follow-up

† : The inhabitants who died of each disease during follow-up