Table 3. Summary current clinical trials using ICG for cholecystectomy.

Clinical trial ID	Title	Institution	Investigator	n	Design	Dose	Timing	Fluorescence imaging system	Comparator	End points
NCT02070627	Near infrared fluorescence cholangiography (NIRF-C) during cholecystectomy—use in acute cholecystitis sub-study	Ohio State	Vimal et al.	6	Open label single arm	2.5 mg	30–60 min before surgery	Stryker	ICG vs. IOC	Adverse events; anatomic ID rate; OR time
NCT02070640	Near infrared fluorescence cholangiography (NIRF-C) during cholecystectomy	Ohio State	Vimal et al.	99	Open label single arm	2.5 mg	30–60 min before surgery	Stryker	ICG vs. IOC	Adverse events; anatomic ID rate; OR time
NCT02344654	Fluorescence cholangiography during cholecystectomy-a RCT	Hvidovre niversity Hospital	Lehrskov et al.	120	Randomized parallel, open label	0.05 mg/kg	After intubation	Not identified	ICG vs. IOC	ID rate of CD; time spent on fluorescence cholangiogram vs. IOC; surgeon satisfaction; adverse events; cost
NCT01424215	The use of fluorescent imaging for intraoperative cholangiogram during laparoscopic cholecystectomy	Maimonides Medical Center	Sherwinter et al.	100	Randomized parallel, open label	Not identified	Not identified	Novadaq	ICG vs. standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy	OR time; adverse events; time to ID anatomic structures; autonomy to residents
NCT03812432	Cholecystocholangiography by direct intragallbladder injection of ICG	Hospital Son Espases	Romero et al.	80	Open label single arm	Not identified	On table	VISERA ELITE II	Not identified	ID rate of anatomic structures
NCT02558556	FALCON: a multicenter randomized controlled trial	Maastricht University Medical Center	Van den Bos et al.	308	Randomized parallel, open label	2.5 mg	After intubation	Storz	ICG vs. standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy	Time to ID CVS; time to ID CD-CBD junction; ID rate of anatomic structures; OR time
NCT01410734	Fluorescence imaging on the da Vinci surgical system for intra-operative near infrared imaging of the biliary tree	Multi-centered: Italy, Switzerland	Intuitiv Surgical	72	Open label single arm	2.5 mg	30 min before surgery	da Vinci	Not identified	ID rate of anatomic structures; outcomes
NCT02702843	Fluorescent cholangiography vs. white light for bile ducts identification	Multi-centered: US, Argentina, Germany, Italy, Japan	Rosenthal et al.	1,000	Randomized parallel, open label	Not identified	Not identified	Not identified	ICG vs. standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy	ID rate of anatomic structures; outcomes
NCT01881399	Fluorescence versus intraoperative cholangiography in the visualization of biliary tree anatomy (FLARIOC)	Service de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne-Nouvel Hôpital Civil	Pessaux et al.	66	Open label single arm	5 mg	Intraop	da Vinci	ICG vs. IOC	ID rate of CD-CBD junction vs. IOC; accuracy of identification due to fluorescence; accuracy of identification due to augmented overlay; time to identification