Table 2.
Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants by COVID-19 Positive and Severitya
| Variable | Severity of infection (in UK Biobank), model 1 |
Test result, model 2 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative/not tested | Severe | Total | Negative | Positive | Total | |
| Participants (N) | 91,041 | 124 | 91,165 | 1802 | 207 | 2009 |
| Age at COVID-19 diagnosis | 68.1 (61.0-73.2) | 69.6 (58.7-75.5) | 68.1 (61.0-73.2) | 70.5 (62.6-75.3) | 64.9 (56.2-73.4) | 70.1 (61.6-75.2) |
| Sex (female) | 51,908 (57.0%) | 52 (41.9%) | 51,960 (57.0%) | 949 (52.7%) | 103 (49.8%) | 1052 (52.4%) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White European | 87,951 (98.4%) | 115 (95.8%) | 88,066 (98.4%) | 1725 (98.0%) | 191 (95.0%) | 1916 (97.7%) |
| South Asian | 684 (0.8%) | 2 (1.7%) | 686 (0.8%) | 22 (1.3%) | 3 (1.5%) | 25 (1.3%) |
| Black/Afro-Caribbean | 760 (0.9%) | 3 (2.5%) | 763 (0.9%) | 13 (0.7%) | 7 (3.5%) | 20 (1.0%) |
| Townsend deprivation index | –2.5 (–3.8 to –0.2) | –2.5 (–3.6 to 0.6) | –2.5 (–3.8 to –0.2) | –2.3 (–3.7 to 0.3) | –2.3 (–3.6 to 0.5) | –2.3 (–3.7 to 0.3) |
| Number in household | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) | 2.0 (2.0-4.0) | 2.0 (2.0-3.0) |
| Fruit and vegetable scoreb | 4.3 (3.0-6.0) | 4.3 (2.7-6.0) | 4.3 (3.0-6.0) | 4.3 (3.0-6.0) | 4.0 (2.7-6.0) | 4.3 (3.0-6.0) |
| Red meat scorec | 1.5 (1.5-2.5) | 2.0 (1.5-3.0) | 1.5 (1.5-2.5) | 1.5 (1.5-2.5) | 2.0 (1.5-2.5) | 1.5 (1.5-2.5) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 52,357 (57.7%) | 56 (45.2%) | 52,413 (57.6%) | 889 (49.4%) | 107 (51.2%) | 996 (49.7%) |
| Previous | 32,328 (35.6%) | 54 (43.5%) | 32,382 (35.6%) | 754 (41.9%) | 79 (38.2%) | 833 (41.5%) |
| Current | 6119 (6.7%) | 14 (11.3%) | 6133 (6.7%) | 155 (8.6%) | 21 (10.1%) | 176 (8.8%) |
| Alcohol intake frequency | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) | 1.5 (0.5-3.5) |
| Number of self-reported cancers | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) | 0.0 (0.0-0.0) |
| Number of self-reported non-cancer illnesses | 1.0 (0.0-2.0) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 1.0 (0.0-2.0) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) |
| Number of treatments/medications taken | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 2.0 (1.0-5.0) | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 2.0 (1.0-4.0) | 2.0 (0.0-4.0) | 2.0 (1.0-4.0) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.0 (23.6-28.9) | 27.3 (24.1-31.9) | 26.0 (23.6-28.9) | 26.8 (24.2-30.2) | 27.3 (24.1-31.1) | 26.9 (24.2-30.3) |
| Self-reported sleep duration (h) | 7.0 (7.0-8.0) | 7.0 (7.0-8.0) | 7.0 (7.0-8.0) | 7.0 (6.0-8.0) | 7.0 (6.0-8.0) | 7.0 (6.0-8.0) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Overall physical activity (mg) | 27.4 (22.7-33.0) | 26.9 (21.3-32.8) | 27.4 (22.7-33.0) | 25.8 (21.1-31.0) | 26.8 (21.9-32.1) | 25.9 (21.1-31.1) |
| Moderate to vigorous PA accumulated in 1-min bouts (min) | 42.1 (24.7-65.2) | 36.0 (19.4-55.4) | 42.0 (24.7-65.2) | 34.6 (18.5-55.5) | 36.9 (22.2-57.3) | 35.0 (18.8-55.9) |
| Activity and sleep/rest | ||||||
| Activity during waking hours (16 h) (mg) | 39.0 (32.2-47.1) | 38.2 (29.8-45.9) | 39.0 (32.2-47.1) | 36.5 (29.8-44.5) | 38.1 (30.5-45.5) | 36.7 (29.9-44.6) |
| Amount of movement during sleep (8 h) (mg) | 3.8 (3.1-4.9) | 4.2 (3.3-5.8) | 3.8 (3.1-4.9) | 3.9 (3.2-4.9) | 4.2 (3.3-5.7) | 3.9 (3.2-5.0) |
| Amount of movement during sleep (6 h) (mg)d | 2.8 (2.4-3.2) | 3.0 (2.6-3.7) | 2.8 (2.4-3.2) | 2.8 (2.5-3.3) | 3.0 (2.5-3.6) | 2.8 (2.5-3.4) |
| Balance between activity and sleep/rest (%) | 142.5 (140.4-144.0) | 141.1 (138.0-143.4) | 142.5 (140.4-144.0) | 141.9 (139.4-143.6) | 141.4 (138.6-143.2) | 141.8 (139.4-143.6) |
| Timing of activity and sleep/rest | ||||||
| Start time of most active 16h per day (hh:mm) | 7:05 (6:34-7:37) | 7:04 (6:34-7:47) | 7:05 (6:34-7:37) | 7:07 (6:34-7:38) | 7:02 (6:28-7:43) | 7:07 (6:34-7:38) |
| Variability in timing of activity (SD, min) | 37.6 (25.0-55.1) | 46.4 (31.5-68.4) | 37.6 (25.0-55.1) | 38.2 (26.4-56.5) | 46.7 (31.4-70.8) | 38.8 (26.6-57.6) |
| Start time of least active 8h per day (hh:mm) | 23:04 (22:34-23.35) | 23:02 (22:28-23:41) | 23:04 (22:34-23:35) | 23:07 (22:34-23.37) | 23:02 (22:28-23:43) | 23:05 (22:33-23:37) |
| Variability in timing of sleep/rest (8 h, SD, min) | 37.7 (25.0-55.4) | 46.7 (30.4-67.1) | 37.6 (25.0-55.1) | 38.3 (26.5-56.5) | 47.1 (31.0-71.2) | 39.1 (26.7-57.7) |
| Start time of least active 6h per day (hh:mm)d | 00:08 (23:34-00:43) | 00:08 (23:34-00:58) | 00:08 (23:34-00:43) | 00:10 (23:34-00:48) | 00:07 (23:34-00:53) | 00:08 (23:34-00:48) |
| Variability in timing of sleep/rest (6h, SD, min)d | 53.1 (38.0-70.6) | 56.6 (40.3-80.8) | 53.1 (38.0-70.6) | 53.2 (38.9-72.0) | 57.2 (40.7-81.8) | 53.5 (39.3-72.6) |
| Mid-point of difference between start of least active 8 h and most active 16 h (hh:mm) | 3:04 (2:34-3:36) | 3:02 (2:29-3:41) | 3:04 (2:34-3:36) | 3:07 (2:34-3:38) | 3:02 (2:28-3:43) | 3:06 (2:34-3:38) |
| Variability in sleep/rest mid-point (8 h, SD, min) | 37.6 (25.0-55.1) | 46.7 (30.6-68.1) | 37.6 (25.0-55.1) | 38.3 (26.4-56.5) | 47.1 (30.6-71.8) | 38.8 (26.6-57.6) |
| Midpoint of difference between start of least active 6 h and most active 16 h (hh:mm)d | 3:36 (3:05-4:09) | 3:38 (3:04-4:22) | 3:36 (3.05-4:09) | 3:38 (3:04-4:13) | 3:36 (3:04-4:10) | 3:38 (3:04-4:13) |
| Variability in sleep/rest midpoint (6 h, SD, min)d | 39.3 (28.0-54.9) | 43.1 (30.1-70.1) | 39.3 (28.0-54.9) | 40.5 (28.8-55.5) | 46.1 (29.8-69.8) | 40.9 (28.9-56.5) |
Continuous variables are reported as median (interquartile range), categorical variables as number (percentage)
a
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
b
Number of portions reported per day.
c
Number of portions reported per week.
d
To allow for differences in the duration of sleep, we conducted sensitivity analyses assessing the effects of the average acceleration and timing of the least active 6 h rather than 8 h.