Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and antibiotic use
| Total (n = 6871) |
Anti-MRSA or anti-pseudomonal antibioticsa (n = 536) |
Other antibiotics (n = 1883) |
No antibiotic use (n = 4452) |
pb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) (years) |
47.34 (±19.01) |
67.94 (±14.45) |
54.77 (±17.55) |
41.72 (±17.22) |
<0.01 |
| Age group | <0.01 | ||||
| 19–64 years | 5562 (80.95) | 218 (40.67) | 1317 (69.94) | 4027 (90.45) | |
| ≥65 years |
1309 (19.05) |
318 (59.33) |
566 (30.06) |
425 (9.55) |
|
|
Sex, male |
2773 (40.36) |
263 (49.07) |
714 (37.92) |
1796 (40.34) |
<0.01 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1114 (16.21) | 203 (37.87) | 421 (22.36) | 490 (11.01) | <0.01 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 589 (8.57) | 136 (25.37) | 221 (11.74) | 232 (5.21) | <0.01 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 1837 (26.74) | 209 (38.99) | 634 (33.67) | 994 (22.33) | <0.01 |
| Renal disease | 215 (3.13) | 46 (8.58) | 67 (3.56) | 102 (2.29) | <0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease | 856 (12.46) | 116 (21.64) | 298 (15.83) | 442 (9.93) | <0.01 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 1040 (15.14) | 141 (26.31) | 354 (18.80) | 545 (12.24) | <0.01 |
| Chronic neurological disease | 691 (10.06) | 184 (34.33) | 240 (12.75) | 267 (6.00) | <0.01 |
| Malignancy | 306 (4.45) | 53 (9.89) | 110 (5.84) | 143 (3.21) | <0.01 |
| Musculoskeletal and rheumatological disease | 211 (3.07) | 27 (5.04) | 72 (3.82) | 112 (2.52) | <0.01 |
| Immune deficiency and HIV infection | 3 (0.04) | 1 (0.19) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.04) | 0.19 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) |
1 (0–2) |
2 (1–4) |
1 (0–3) |
0 (0–1) |
<0.01 |
| Disease severity of COVID-19 | <0.01 | ||||
| Mild to moderate | 5928 (86.28) | 131 (24.44) | 1528 (81.15) | 4269 (95.89) | |
| Severe to critical |
943 (13.72) |
405 (75.56) |
355 (18.85) |
183 (4.11) |
|
|
Lopinavir/ritonavir |
2640 (38.42) |
426 (79.48) |
1336 (70.95) |
878 (19.72) |
<0.01 |
| Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine | 2082 (30.30) | 369 (68.84) | 1023 (54.33) | 690 (15.50) | <0.01 |
MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
a
Activity against either MRSA (such as glycopeptides and oxazolidinones) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (such as piperacillin–tazobactam, carbapenems, polymyxins, cefepime, ceftazidime, and monobactams) were included, but fluoroquinolones were excluded because they are recommended as part of monotherapy for community-acquired pneumonia.
b
Analysis of variance was used to compare anti-MRSA or anti-pseudomonal antibiotics, other antibiotics, and no antibiotic use groups.