Table 2.

Human coronaviruses.

Coronavirus	Transmission	Disease outcome	Human receptor	Classification	Reference genome NCBI ID (size)
HCoV-229E	Bats to humans through alpacas, camelids	Mild respiratory symptoms in immuno-compromised patients	Amino-peptidase N	α-CoV	NC_002645.1 (27,317 bp)
HCoV-NL63	Bats to humans through an unknown intermediate	Mild respiratory symptoms in immuno-compromised patients	Angiotensin- converting enzyme 2, Heparan sulfate	α-CoV	NC_005831 (27,553 bp)
HCoV-OC43	Rodents to humans through cattle	Mild respiratory symptoms in immuno-compromised patients	9-O-acetylsialic acids	β-CoV	NC_006213.1 (30,741 bp)
SARS-CoV	Bats to humans through wild animals, palm civets	Acute pneumonia and respiratory disease	Angiotensin- converting enzyme 2, C-type lectin, Pulmonary surfactant protein D	β-CoV	NC_004718.3 (29,751 bp)
MERS-CoV	Bats to humans through dromedary camels	Acute pneumonia and respiratory disease	Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4, Sialic acid	β-CoV	NC_038,294 (30,111 bp)
HCoV-HKU1	Rodents to humans through an unknown intermediate	Mild respiratory symptoms in immunocompromised patients	9-O-acetylsialic acid	β-CoV	NC_006577.2 (29,926 bp)
SARS-CoV-2	Bats to humans possibly through pangolins	Acute pneumonia and respiratory disease	Angiotensin- converting enzyme 2	β-CoV	NC_045512.2 (29,903 bp)