Table 3.

Associations Between Comorbid COPD and/or CHF and Clinical Outcomes

Outcome	Crude		Adjust Model I		Adjust Model II
	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
28-day mortality
Without COPD or CHF	Reference		Reference		Reference
COPD	1.74 (1.49–2.03)	<0.0001	1.37 (1.17–1.60)	<0.0001	1.25 (1.07–1.46)	0.0046
CHF	1.76 (1.61–1.92)	<0.0001	1.25 (1.14–1.37)	<0.0001	1.18 (1.07–1.30)	0.0012
With COPD and CHF	2.40 (2.08–2.78)	<0.0001	1.64 (1.41–1.90)	<0.0001	1.55 (1.33–1.80)	<0.0001
90-day mortality
Without COPD or CHF	Reference		Reference		Reference
COPD	1.67 (1.47–1.89)	<0.0001	1.30 (1.15–1.48)	<0.0001	1.21 (1.07–1.37)	0.0031
CHF	1.88 (1.75–2.01)	<0.0001	1.33 (1.23–1.43)	<0.0001	1.25 (1.16–1.35)	<0.0001
With COPD and CHF	2.55 (2.28–2.86)	<0.0001	1.73 (1.55–1.95)	<0.0001	1.64 (1.46–1.85)	<0.0001

Notes: Model I was adjusted for age and sex; model II was adjusted for age, sex, type of admission; ethnicity, SOFA, SAPS II, sepsis, mechanical ventilation on first day, renal replacement therapy on first day, and comorbidities including cardiac arrhythmias, valvular disease, pulmonary circulation disorder, hypertension, uncomplicated diabetes, complicated diabetes, renal failure, liver disease, metastatic cancer, and obesity.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.