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. 2020 Oct 28;12:911–925. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S272419

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Perpetrators of domestic violence during the three periods: during pregnancy, one year before pregnancy, and lifelong. Husbands/ex-husbands were the main perpetrators one year before pregnancy and during pregnancy. For lifelong domestic violence, the majority of subjects reported being abused by their fathers, brothers, and/or husbands/ex-husbands.