Table 3.

Selection of fluorescence dyes applied in mode of action experiments.

Dye	Reports on	Example study on bacteria
NPN	Outer membrane permeability	Loh et al., 1984
ANS	Outer membrane permeability	Schved et al., 1994
Bocillin	Penicillin-binding proteins	Pogliano et al., 2012
Van-FL	Lipid II	Pogliano et al., 2012
HADA	Sites of active cell wall synthesis	Schirner et al., 2015
NADA	Sites of active cell wall synthesis	Montón Silva et al., 2018
Mitotracker green (MTG)	General membrane dye	Saeloh et al., 2018
Nile red	General membrane dye	Saeloh et al., 2018
FM5-95	General membrane dye	Müller et al., 2016b
FM4-64	General membrane dye	Pogliano et al., 2012
NAO	Negatively charged phospholipids	Pogmore et al., 2018
DiIC12	Fluid membrane microdomains	Wenzel et al., 2018b
DPH	Membrane fluidity	Bessa et al., 2018
Laurdan	Membrane fluidity	Wenzel et al., 2018b
DiSC3(5)	Membrane potential	te Winkel et al., 2016
DiBAC4(3)	Membrane potential	te Winkel et al., 2016
APG-2	Potassium flux	Saeloh et al., 2018
Propidium iodide	Pores	Jiang et al., 2019
Sytox green	Pores	Barns and Weisshaar, 2013
BCECF	pH	Strahl and Hamoen, 2010
Resazurin	Respiratory chain activity	Saeloh et al., 2018
INT	Respiratory chain activity	Dutton et al., 1983
CTC	Respiratory chain activity	Rodriguez et al., 1992
CellRox	Reactive oxygen species	Wenzel et al., 2013
Oxyburst green	Reactive oxygen species	Surewaard and Kubes, 2017
DCFH-DA	Reactive oxygen species	Arakha et al., 2015
DAPI	DNA	Nonejuie et al., 2013
SYTO9	DNA	Krychowiak et al., 2018
SYTO RNAselect	RNA	Bakshi et al., 2014

This list is not exhaustive and only includes dyes that have been used for antibiotic mode of action studies in bacteria. Note that some of these dyes have several derivatives covering different wavelengths (e.g., SYTO dyes) or having different membrane-penetrating properties (e.g., APG dyes).