Table 3.
Reported antimicrobial use by route of administration by antimicrobial active ingredient in broiler chicken flocks, 2013–2019.
| Indicators mean (standard error of the mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) flocks treateda | Total birds treated (‘000) | Days exposed, mean (min-max) | No. (%) of treatmentsb | kg weight at treatment, mean (min–max) | Level of drug or inclusion rates, mean (min–max) | mg/PCU | nDDDvetCA/1,000 broiler-chicken days | nDDDvet/PCUBr | |
| Injection (in ovo or subcutaneous) | No. (%) injections | ml/chick | |||||||
| Ceftiofur | 39 (4%) | 1,022 | 1 | 39 (1%) | 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.1 (0.01) | 1 (0.1) | 0.05 (0.004) |
| Gentamicin | 36 (4%) | 867 | 1 | 37 (1%) | 0.04 | 0.2 | 0.2 (0.01) | 1 (<0.01) | 0.02 (<0.01) |
| Lincomycin-spectinomycin | 177 (19%) | 4,014 | 1 | 177 (5%) | 0.04 | 0.75 | 1 (0.02) | 4 (0.1) | 0.13 (<0.01) |
| Feed | No. (%) medicated rations | Grams/ton | |||||||
| Avilamycin | 213 (23%) | 5,160 | 18 (17–19) | 434 (15%) | 0.87 (0.07–2.32) | 15 (15–30) | 31 (1) | 307 (12) | 11 (0.43) |
| Bacitracin | 509 (54%) | 12,564 | 26 (25–27) | 1,482 (52%) | 0.95 (0.05–3.35) | 55 (11–110) | 144 (3) | 406 (8) | 14 (0.32) |
| Oxytetracycline | 7 (1%) | 143 | 10 (7–13) | 7 (0.2%) | 0.87 (0.41–1.22) | 440 (97–440) | 448 (106) | 656 (131) | 27 (6.34) |
| Penicillin procaine | 83 (9%) | 2,370 | 16 (15–17) | 150 (5%) | 0.61 (0.11–1.65) | 55 (20–110) | 56 (3) | 318 (18) | 10 (0.60) |
| Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine | 81 (9%) | 1,995 | 7 (6–8) | 84 (3%) | 0.93 (0.11–2.44) | 300 (200–300) | 175 (13) | 768 (52) | 27 (2) |
| Tylosin | 91 (10%) | 2,392 | 21 (19–23) | 232 (8%) | 0.82 (0.07–2.46) | 22 (22–44) | 43 (3) | 48 (3) | 2 (0.1) |
| Virginiamycin | 192 (21%) | 4,557 | 22 (21–24) | 487 (17%) | 0.99 (0.06–3.28) | 22 (11–44) | 48 (2) | 481 (20) | 17 (0.8) |
| Water | No. (%) water treatments | Total mg/birdc | |||||||
| Amoxicillin | 15 (2%) | 398 | 6 (5–6) | 16 (0.5%) | 0.85 (0.11–1.59) | 53 (14–443) | 63 (14) | 158 (37) | 5 (1.2) |
| Apramycin | 1 (0.1%) | 40 | 4 | 1 (0.03%) | 0.12 | 30 | 30 | 34 | 1 |
| Enrofloxacin | 3 (0.2%) | 79 | 5 (3–6) | 3 (0.1%) | 0.12 (0.09–0.13) | 0.5 (0.3–0.5) | 0.4 (0.1) | 2 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.01) |
| Lincomycin | 1 (0.1%) | 10 | 2 | 1 (0.03%) | 1.34 | 63 | 63 | 502 | 17 |
| Penicillin | 29 (2%) | 675 | 5 (5–6) | 31 (1%) | 0.88 (0.07–2.04) | 153 (8–432) | 166 (21) | 114 (14) | 4 (0.5) |
| Penicillin-streptomycin | 13 (1%) | 569 | 4 (5–6) | 19 (0.6%) | 0.21 (0.07–1.09) | 13 (7–321) | 41 (18) | 150 (77) | 5 (3) |
| Sulfamethazine | 9 (1%) | 293 | 4 (3–5) | 9 (0.3%) | 0.25 (0.11–0.74) | 136 (34–311) | 137 (28) | 19 (4) | 1 (0.1) |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 12 (1%) | 358 | 3 (3–4) | 11 (0.3%) | 0.55 (0.12–1.86) | 66 (13–208) | 80 (15) | 32 (6) | 1 (0.2) |
| Sulfaquinoxaline (pyr)d | 7 (1%) | 207 | 3 (2–4) | 7 (0.0%) | 1.22 (0.09–1.86) | 12 (4–39) | 15 (4) | 37 (9) | 1 (0.4) |
| Oxytetracycline-neomycin | 1 (0.1%) | 19 | 4 | 1 (0.03%) | 0.2 | 66 | 66 | 78 | 3 |
| Tetracycline | 3 (0.3%) | 64 | 4 (3–6) | 3 (0.1%) | 0.68 | 19 (16–113) | 49 (32) | 63 (40) | 2 (1) |
| Tetracycline-neomycin | 8 (1%) | 326 | 4 (4–5) | 8 (0.2%) | 0.25 (0.18–0.49) | 44 (24–233) | 73 (26) | 102 (37) | 3 (1) |
a
Number of flocks treated/total flocks surveyed.
b
Number of treatments/ total treatments from all routes of administration.
c
The estimated total milligrams administered per bird during the course of water treatment. This was reported as grams per liter of drinking water (2013–2018) or total grams of active ingredient administered during the course of treatment per bird in the flock treated.
d
This is in combination with pyrimethamine (a coccidiostat); only the sulfaquinoxaline component was included in the estimates.