Table 5.
Reported antimicrobial use by route of administration and by antimicrobial active ingredient in turkey flocks, 2013–2019.
| Indicators, mean (standard error of the mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) flocks treateda | Total birds treated (‘000) | Days exposed, mean (min-max) | No (%) of treatmentsb | kg weight at treatment mean (min-max) | Level of drug mean (min-max) | mg/PCUTk | nDDDvet/1,000 turkey-days at risk | nDDDvet/PCUTk | |
| Injection | No. (%) injections | mg/poult | |||||||
| Ceftiofur | 1 (0.2%) | 14 | 1 | 1 (0.1%) | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.03 | <0.1 | <0.1 |
| Gentamicin | 190 (44%) | 1,563 | 1 | 190 (11%) | 0.06 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.2 |
| Feed | No. (%) medicated rations | Grams/ton | |||||||
| Avilamycin | 10 (2%) | 74 | 40 (11–70) | 24 (1%) | 3.80 (0.26–11.76) | 18 (15–25) | 19 (5) | 69 (13) | 6 (2) |
| Bacitracin | 181 (42%) | 1,442 | 66 (6–110) | 799 (46%) | 3.08 (0.15–16.08) | 55 (55–110) | 96 (5) | 103 (4) | 9 (0.5) |
| Chlortetracycline | 10 (2%) | 102 | 16 (4–42) | 12 (1%) | 2.64 (0.26–6.83) | 330 (220–440) | 114 (30) | 68 (15) | 7 (2) |
| Oxytetracycline | 2 (0.5%) | 81 | 49 | 4 (0.2%) | 1.36 (0.45–2.27) | 440 (220–660) | 182 | 99 | 11 |
| Penicillin procaine | 15 (4%) | 4 | 26 (14–42) | 25 (1%) | 1.17 (0.26–3.02) | 33 (33–110) | 16 (3) | 32 (6) | 3 (0.5) |
| Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine | 21 (5%) | 139 | 13 (4–28) | 22 (1%) | 4.33 (0.55–11.76) | 300 (200–300) | 113 (22) | 181 (32) | 17 (3) |
| Tylosin | 9 (2%) | 61 | 59 (14–84) | 35 (2%) | 4.43 (0.26–11.76) | 22 (22–22) | 44 (10) | 17 (4) | 2 (0.4) |
| Virginiamycin | 130 (30%) | 1,054 | 64 (7–112) | 548 (32%) | 2.80 (0.26–13.95) | 22 (16.5–44) | 33 (2) | 131 (5) | 12 (1) |
| Water | No. (%) water treatments | Total mg/birdc | |||||||
| Amoxicillin | 5 (1%) | 27 | 5 (4–6) | 5 (0.3%) | 2.99 (0.15–5.22) | 63 (0.5–413) | 20 (11) | 17 (9) | 2 (10) |
| Enrofloxacin | 4 (1%) | 40 | 4 (4–5) | 4 (0.2%) | 2.46 (0.37–6.16) | 9 (5–13) | 1 (0.27) | 3 (1) | 0.2 (0.1) |
| Neomycin | 3 (1%) | 25 | 5 | 3 (0.2%) | 2.42 (1.97–3.31) | 26 (25–401) | 23 (19) | 11 (9) | 1 (1) |
| Penicillin | 21 (5%) | 156 | 7 (3–28) | 23 (1.3%) | 4.78 (0.26–13.95) | 63 (4–1786) | 38 (14) | 10 (4) | 1 (0.3) |
| Penicillin-streptomycin | 7 (2%) | 50 | 5 (1–8) | 8 (0.5%) | 1.36 (0.15–3.88) | 4 | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 1 (1) |
| Sulfaquinoxaline | 2 (0.5%) | 9 | 5 (3–6) | 1 (0.1%) | 5.07 (3.31–6.83) | 85 (75–95) | 13 (2) | 2 (0.10) | 0.2 |
| Sulfaquinoxaline (pyr)d | 1 (0.2%) | 79 | 4 | 2 (0.1%) | 4.37 (4.37–4.37) | 12 | 2 | 2 | 0.2 |
| Oxytetracycline-neomycin | 1 (0.2%) | 44 | 3 | 1 (0.1%) | 4.37 (4.37–4.37) | 55 | 9 | 4 | 9 |
| Tetracycline | 7 (2%) | 7 | 6 (4–10) | 5 (0.3%) | 2.50 (0.52–4.98) | 11 (0.03–227) | 8 (5) | 5 (3) | 0.4 (0.2) |
| Tetracycline-neomycin | 6 (1%) | 3 | 9 (5–21) | 9 (0.5%) | 2.70 (0.15–11.75) | 54 (24–186) | 17 (5) | 8 (3) | 17 (5) |
a
Number of flocks treated/total flocks surveyed.
b
Number of treatments/total treatments from all routes of administration.
c
The estimated total milligrams administered per bird during the course of water treatment. This was reported as grams per liter of drinking water (2013–2018) or total grams of active ingredient administered during the course of treatment per bird in the flock treated.
d
This is in combination with pyrimethamine (a coccidiostat). Only the sulfaquinoxaline component was included in the estimates.