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. 2020 Oct 19;11:573581. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573581

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Copyright © 2020 Ward, Mulder, Frings-Meuthen, O’Gorman and Cooper.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Circulating fetuin-A in the CTRL and JUMP groups before and after 60 days of HDT bed rest. (B–F) The effect of HDT bed rest on fetuin-A and OGTT derived indexes of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance when subjects were divided into two subgroups based on an increase (n = 6) or decrease (n = 17) in insulin sensitivity (Matsuda) post-HDT bed rest. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Abbreviations: CTRL, control group; JUMP, jumping countermeasure group; IS, insulin sensitivity; IR, insulin resistance; Time, main effect of time; Int, main effect of intervention; T^*Int, time^*intervention interaction effect. ^*p ≤ 0.05, ^**p ≤ 0.010, and ^***p ≤ 0.001.