Fig. 3.

Effect of tetracyclines on viral pathogenesis. Tetracyclines can affect the viral life cycle by indirect and direct mechanisms. Indirect effects are based on anti-apoptotic, anti-metalloproteinase (MMPs), anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory properties of these compounds. Different mechanisms of antiviral activity of tetracyclines have been reported. Overall, the properties of tetracycline by acting on viral pathogenesis leads to decreased entry of the virus into the host cell, decreasing its replication and cellular damage. MIF, macrophage inhibitory factor