Table 3.

Robust Regression of Costs in the Last 6 Months of Life (in 2010 log $).

Variables	Conditional inpatient costs (n = 1059)		Non-inpatient costs (n = 1311)
	(1)		(2)
	B (SE)a	P-value	B (SE)a	P-value
Any hospice use in the last year of life (ref = No)	−0.310 (0.070)	<.001	0.209 (0.044)	<.001
Demographic
Age (ref = <55)
55-64	0.067 (0.122)	.583	0.055 (0.076)	.466
≥65	−0.087 (0.128)	.494	−0.006 (0.078)	.936
Sex:Female (ref = Male)	0.019 (0.086)	.827	−0.027 (0.055)	.616
Race/ethnicity (ref = Non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic African American	0.240 (0.074)	.001	0.143 (0.047)	.002
Hispanic	0.310 (0.085)	<.001	−0.018 (0.054)	.734
Non-Hispanic other race	0.034 (0.177)	.849	0.278 (0.116)	.017
Enrollment type: Medicare only (ref = Dual)	−0.161 (0.072)	.025	−0.230 (0.045)	<.001
Lives in a large urban center (ref = No)	0.313 (0.206)	.128	0.211 (0.112)	.060
Year of death (ref = 2008)
2009	−0.037 (0.075)	.620	0.006 (0.047)	.905
2010	−0.176 (0.091)	.052	−0.135 (0.056)	.017
Disease comorbidity
Charlson Comorbidity Index	0.058 (0.011)	<.001	0.047 (0.007)	<.001
Any cancer diagnosis (ref = No)	0.032 (0.075)	.672	0.091 (0.048)	.061
Total medical costs during Months 7 to 12 before death (in log $)	0.024 (0.014)	.086	0.330 (0.010)	<.001
Constant	10.197 (0.243)	—	6.612 (0.149)	—
Predicted costs
Hospice	$64,696 ($4050)	—	$61,608 ($3966)	—
No hospice	$90,189 ($3322))	—	$46,837 ($1560)	—
Difference	−$25,493 ($5013)	<.05	+$14,771 ($4152)	<.05

Note. SE = standard error.

^aB = coefficient.