Table 3.

Summary of Positron Imaging Studies Focused on Plants.

Area of study	Focus of study	Nuclide imaging modality	Reference(s)
Water dynamics in plants
Water dynamics in plants subjected to physical treatments	Influence of physical disturbance on water movement in soybean leaves	PETIS	28
	Radiation exposure impact on water movement in soybean leaves	PETIS	28
Water dynamics in plants subjected to chemical treatments	Effect of vanadium exposure on water uptake and translocation in cowpea	PETIS	25
	Al application influence on water uptake in soybean stem	Autoradiography	28
	NaCl, methylmercury and other growth inhibitor hindrance of water uptake and subsequent translocation by rice	PETIS	27
	5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) enhancement of water translocation rate in rice	PETIS	35
Water dynamics in plants subjected to altered environmental factors	Water uptake and translocation by rice and tomato under varying lighting regimes	PETIS	29
	Light-cycling effects on water uptake by rice	PETIS	27
	Influence of differing lighting and relative humidity regimes on water uptake by soybean	Autoradiography and BGO detector system	34
	Uptake and translocation of water by common bean and cowpea under water stress	PETIS	31
	Water uptake and translocation by different varieties of rice under varying light, moisture and pH	PETIS	26
Nutrient dynamics in plants
Positron imaging of NO3 − and NH4+ dynamics in plants	Uptake and translocation of nitrate in rice	PETIS	37
	Nitrate uptake by soybean and common bean roots under varying nitrogen concentrations	PETIS	44
	Uptake and translocation of nitrate by nodulated and non-nodulated soybean plants	Autoradiography	48
	Uptake and translocation of nitrate by non-nodulated soybean under nitrogen deficient and sufficient conditions	PETIS	46
	Quantification of nitrate uptake and translocation at different sites in kohlrabi plant. Uptake inhibition by methionine sulfoximine was also probed.	PET	43
	Interception of nitrate from red clover by parasitic broomrape	PETIS	98
	Nitrate uptake and translocation by poplar sapling under nitrogen deprivation	PET	24
	Influence of nitrogen deficiency, chemical inhibitors and lighting treatments on ammonium uptake and translocation in rice	PETIS and autoradiography	42
Positron imaging to investigate N2 fixation processes in plants	N2 fixation by root nodules on soybean	PETIS,99 autoradiography41 and PETIS38	38, 41, 99
	N2 fixation by grass inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria	Autoradiography	47
Positron imaging of micronutrient tracers in plants	Uptake and translocation of Fe3+-deoxymugineic complexes and Fe2+ by rice in Fe-sufficient and deficient conditions	PETIS and autoradiography	40
	Influence of Fe-deficiency on uptake and translocation of Fe3+-EDTA complexes by transgenic and control rice plants	PETIS and autoradiography	39
	Uptake and translocation of Fe3+-deoxymugineic acid complexes by barley under Fe-deficient and sufficient growth conditions	PETIS and autoradiography	51
	Translocation of foliage-applied methionine siderophore in barley grown under Fe-deficient and sufficient conditions	PETIS and autoradiography	45
	Fe and S deficiency, aminotransferase inhibitor and methionine pre-treatment effects on translocation of methionine siderophore in barley	PETIS and autoradiography	36
	Mn uptake and translocation by barley under Mn-deficient, Mn-sufficient and Mn-excessive conditions	PETIS and autoradiography	50
	Translocation of Zn2+ and Zn2+-deoxymugineic complexes in Zn-deficient and Zn-sufficient rice	PETIS and autoradiography	49
	Uptake and translocation of Cu in soybean	PETIS	52
Positron imaging for visualization of carbon dynamics in plants
Positron imaging for visualization of aboveground photoassimilation processes	Quantification of photoassimilate transport through stem of broad bean	PETIS	71
	Mapping of photoassimilate export rates across a hemp leaf	PETIS	66
	Photoassimilation and sucrose export across a tobacco leaf	PETIS	63
	Comparison of methyl jasmonate and photoassimilate transport in tobacco leaf	Autoradiography	78
	Leaf-scale study of phloem loading mechanisms in aspen, umbrella tree, tali, potato and tomato	Autoradiography	15
	Photoassimilate translocation to wheat ear under varying lighting conditions	PETIS and autoradiography	72
	Photoassimilate translocation into tomato fruits	PET	64
	Photoassimilate translocation to tomato fruits under ambient and elevated CO2 levels	PETIS	80
	Fixation of CO2 and translocation of photoassimilates in eggplant	PETIS and autoradiography	68
	Distribution of photoassimilates translocated to strawberry fruits	PET,69 PETIS59	59, 69
	Effect of salinity stress on allocation of photoassimilates in tomato plant	PETIS	77
	Phloem transport of photoassimilates in aspen leaves under control and water stressed conditions as well as ambient and elevated CO2	PET	60
	Phloem transport of photoassimilates in girdled and ungirdled oak stems	PET	56
	Xylem mediated transport of CO2 in poplar leaves under restricted photosynthesis and transpiration	PET and autoradiography	61
	Photoassimilate fate in Arabidopsis under simulated herbivory	Autoradiography	57
Positron imaging used to link above- and belowground photoassimilates	Photoassimilate transport to belowground structures of maize, radish and sugar beet	PET	22
	Determination of maize root growth rates	PET	23
	Photoassimilate partitioning in root system of wild type and mutant maize plants	PET	79
	Photosynthate dynamics throughout a soybean plant	PETIS	66
	Photosynthate dynamics throughout soybean, maize and cucumber plants	PET	79
	Uptake and distribution of photoassimilates in young maize	PET	70
	CO2 fixation and metabolism in a fixed photoperiod in wild type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings	Autoradiography	76
	Photoassimilate translocation in sorghum	PET	62, 73
	Photoassimilate dynamics in fodder radish	PET	58
	Influence of chemically simulated herbivory on photoassimilate dynamics in aspen	Autoradiography	54
	Gypsy moth herbivory effect on photosynthate partitioning in black poplar	Autoradiography	55
	Western corn rootworm root herbivory impact on whole plant photoassimilate partitioning in maize	Autoradiography	75
	Western corn rootworm root herbivory impact on photoassimilate transformation in maize	PET	74
	Auxin treatment influence on fixation and translocation of photoassimilates	PET and autoradiography	53
Positron imaging used to trace radiolabelled sugars in plants	Translocation of leaf applied [18F]FDG in sorghum	Planar BGO detector system and autoradiography	82
	[18F]FDG uptake and transport within giant reed seedlings dosed through intact roots, damaged roots, cut stem and cut leaf	PET	85
	[18F]FDG uptake into tobacco leaf with varying solution glucose concentrations	PET	86
	Transport of [18F]FDG in tobacco leaf	PET	84
	Intercellular exchange of [18F]FDG and photoassimilates in tobacco leaf treated with cellulose synthesis inhibitors	Autoradiography	81
	Application of 1′ and 6 ′ 18F-substituted sucrose analogues in wild type and mutant maize leaves	Autoradiography	87
	[18F]FDS transport in wild type and mutant maize leaves	Autoradiography	83
	Influence of wounding and methyl jasmonate treatment on [18F]FDG allocation and metabolism in Arabidopsis	Autoradiography	20
Positron imaging for visualization of contaminant dynamics in plants
Positron imaging for visualization of plant uptake and translocation of phytotoxic metals	V uptake and translocation in cowpea	PETIS and Autoradiography	25
	Effect of irradiated chitosan on uptake and translocation of V in rice	Autoradiography	95
	Effect of irradiated chitosan on uptake and translocation of Zn in barley	PETIS	100
	Zn accumulation in Arabidopsis silique, flower, cauline leaf, rosette leaf, and internode	Real time radioisotope imaging system	94
	Uptake and translocation of 10 and 20 nm CuO nanoparticles by lettuce seedlings	PET and autoradiography	88
	Uptake and translocation of Cd by rice at different growth medium Cd concentrations	PETIS	90
	Cd uptake and translocation by rice cultivars of low and high Cd affinity	PETIS and autoradiography	92
	Interactive influence of Zn and Cd on Cd uptake in rice	PETIS	89
	Impact of glutathione and oxidized glutathione on Cd uptake and translocation in oilseed rape	PETIS	93
	Nitrogen source (NO3 − versus NH4 +) influence on Cd uptake and translocation in Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola	PETIS and autoradiography	91
	Cd uptake and translocation by the hyperaccumulator fern Athyrium yokoscense in basal and nutrient-deficient growth media	PETIS and autoradiography	96