Figure 3.

Plastic responses to therapies. Cancer cells display plastic responses to therapies, which can be cell intrinsic or a result of microenvironmental protection. Here, we depict some examples of both types of mechanisms of resistance: (A) A network of tumor microtubes protects glioma cells from dying. After chemotherapy, the number of connections increases and this correlates with reduced response to treatment. White arrows point to microtubes. [Panel A is reprinted from Osswald et al. (2015) with permission from Springer Nature © 2015.] (B) T-ALL cells become more migratory and colonize the bone marrow after chemotherapy. [Panel B reprinted from Hawkins et al. (2016) et al. with permission from Springer Nature © 2016.] (C) CAF activation upon treatments with BRAF inhibitor leads to ECM remodeling and reduced tumor cell response to treatment. [Panel C reprinted from Hirata et al. (2015) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives License (CC BY NC ND).] (D) Peritumoral Tregs prevent infiltration of adoptive cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) into melanoma lesions, reducing immunotherapy efficacy. [Panel D reprinted from Qi et al. (2016) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY).] (E) Biopsy induces inflammation and tumor cell migration, demonstrated by the change in the red area postbiopsy. [Panel E reprinted from Alieva et al. (2017) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).]