Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients in the study
| Baseline characteristics |
Median (interquartile range) or N (%)a | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No ACE-I or ARB | p-Valuesb | |||||||||
| ACE-I (N = 48) | ARB (N = 49) | Patients with HTN (N = 63) |
Patients with PMH (N = 453) |
Patients without PMH (N = 473) |
ACE-I vs. ARB |
ACE-I vs. HTN |
ARB vs. HTN |
ACE-I vs. PMH |
ARB vs. PMH |
|
| Age | 63.0 (19.5, 33.0–96.0) | 70.0 (19.0, 39.0–95.0) | 65.0 (25.0, 29.0–100.0) | 45.0 (26.0, 0.8–100) | 52.0 (32.0, 0.5–96.0) | 0.0605 | 0.4102 | 0.4054 | 5.4076E–11 | 1.0000E–15 |
| Female sex | 27 (56.3%) | 22 (44.9%) | 31 (49.2%) | 235 (51.9%) | 201 (42.5) | 0.3123 | 0.5655 | 0.7051 | 0.6491 | 0.3705 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| African American | 4 (8.3%) | 2 (4.1%) | 2 (3.2%) | 11 (2.4%) | 0.4357 | 0.3999 | 1.0000 | 0.0460 | 0.3678 | |
| Asian | 4 (8.3%) | 13 (26.5%) | 4 (6.3%) | 62 (13.7%) | 0.0307 | 0.7247 | 0.0065 | 0.3742 | 0.0320 | |
| Hispanic | 15 (31.3%) | 13 (26.5%) | 19 (30.2%) | 101 (22.3%) | 0.6585 | 1.0000 | 0.8333 | 0.2062 | 0.4778 | |
| Pacific Islander | 1 (2.1%) | 1 (2.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | 7 (1.5%) | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.5559 | 0.5630 | |
| White | 13 (27.1%) | 12 (24.5%) | 26 (41.3%) | 169 (37.3%) | 0.8194 | 0.1604 | 0.0727 | 0.2065 | 0.0856 | |
| Body mass index | 31.0 (9.6, 16.7–44.0) | 28.2 (5.1, 21.2–47.9) | 28.0 (8.8, 19.7–54.8) | 26.2 (7.7, 15.4–54.9) | 0.3161 | 0.4292 | 0.9657 | 0.0052 | 0.0175 | |
| Pre-existing diagnoses | ||||||||||
| Diabetes | 23 (47.9%) | 28 (57.1%) | 19 (30.2%) | 37 (8.2%) | 0.4188 | 0.0754 | 0.0066 | 3.4819E–11 | 2.0000E–15 | |
| Asthma | 4 (8.3%) | 7 (14.3%) | 4 (6.3%) | 51 (11.3%) | 0.5240 | 0.7247 | 0.2065 | 0.8072 | 0.4852 | |
| Cancer | 9 (18.8%) | 7 (14.3%) | 17 (27.0%) | 44 (9.7%) | 0.5947 | 0.3697 | 0.1629 | 0.0785 | 0.3186 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 5 (10.4%) | 14 (28.6%) | 14 (22.2%) | 17 (3.8%) | 0.0391 | 0.1298 | 0.5118 | 0.0493 | 8.8042E–08 | |
| Autoimmune or autoinflammatory | 3 (6.3%) | 3 (6.1%) | 5 (7.9%) | 21 (4.6%) | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.4930 | 0.7200 | |
| Heart failure | 4 (8.3%) | 6 (12.2%) | 11 (17.5%) | 15 (3.3%) | 0.7404 | 0.2621 | 0.5971 | 0.0981 | 0.0111 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1 (2.1%) | 3 (6.1%) | 4 (6.3%) | 8 (1.8%) | 0.6171 | 0.3869 | 1.0000 | 0.5991 | 0.0824 | |
| History of any smoking | 16 (33.3%) | 18 (36.7%) | 24 (38.1%) | 83 (18.3%) | 0.8321 | 0.6913 | 1.0000 | 0.0207 | 0.0043 | |
| Selected labs at presentation | ||||||||||
| Potassium (mmol/l) | 4.2 (0.7, 3.2–5.4) | 4.0 (0.6, 2.9–4.6) | 3.9 (0.7, 3.3–5.20 | 3.9 (0.8, 2.5–6.1) | 0.3829 | 0.4386 | 0.9727 | 0.1204 | 0.5369 | |
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 137.0 (3.8, 129.0–144.0) | 135.0 (9.5, 111.0–144.0) | 138 (5.0, 124.0–146.0) | 137.0 (5.0, 118.0–146.0) | 0.0436 | 0.8742 | 0.0324 | 0.2813 | 0.1000 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.5, 0.4–2.5) | 0.9 (0.2, 0.5–8.6) | 1.1 (0.9, 0.6–7.3) | 0.8 (0.3, 0.5–7.3) | 0.5337 | 0.1202 | 0.0184 | 0.2712 | 0.6738 | |
| Outcome | ||||||||||
| Time from onset to presentation (days) | 4.5 (4.0, 1.0–17.0) | 5.0 (4.0, 0.0–29.0) | 4.0 (5.0, 0.0–22.0) | 5.0 (5.0, –8.0–31.0) | ||||||
| Admitted to hospital | 15 (31.3%) | 21 (42.9%) | 31 (49.2%) | 99 (21.9%) | ||||||
| Admitted to ICU | 5 (10.4%) | 11 (22.9%) | 9 (14.8%) | 31 (6.9%) | ||||||
| SOFA scorec | 6.0 (0.0, 6.0–6.0) | 2.0 (0.0, 2.0–2.0) | 2.5 (0.5, 2.0–3.0) | 3.7 (2.5, 2.0–6.0) | ||||||
| APACHE II scorec | 18.0 (0.0, 18.0–18.0) | 15.0 (5.5, 5.0–16.0) | 5.0 (0.0, 5.0–5.0) | 10.0 (5.0, 5.0–20.0) | ||||||
| Maximum oxygen requirement | ||||||||||
| Room air | 5 (41.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 9 (34.6%) | 38 (42.2%) | ||||||
| Nasal cannula | 5 (41.7%) | 7 (35.0%) | 8 (30.8%) | 27 (30.0%) | ||||||
| High-flow nasal cannula | 0 (0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 4 (15.4%) | 8 (8.9%) | ||||||
| Positive airway pressure | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | ||||||
| Intubation | 2 (16.7%) | 5 (25.0%) | 5 (19.2%) | 16 (17.8%) | ||||||
| Length of intubation (days) | 10.0 (7.0, 3.0–17.0) | 9.0 (7.0, 2.0–16.0) | 10.0 (0.0, 10.0–10.0) | 13.5 (5.5, 10.0–17.0) | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 5.5 (8.8, 1.0–29.0) | 6.5 (9.3, 1.0–21.0) | 10.0 (6.0, 2.0–34.0) | 6.0 (8.0, 1.0–34.0) | ||||||
| Remaining in hospital | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.1%) | 4 (6.3%) | 12 (2.6%) | ||||||
| Death | 4 (8.3%) | 2 (4.1%) | 6 (9.5%) | 12 (2.6%) | ||||||
ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; APACHE II, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; HTN, hypertension; ICU, intensive care unit; PMH, past medical history; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
a
Percentages were calculated using number of patients in the group (column) with available data for the corresponding parameter (row).
b
p-Values from Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables.
c
Scores calculated for patients admitted to the ICU when data available (SOFA: n = 2 patients on ACE-I, 2 on ARB, 2 with HTN, and 10 with PMH; APACHE II: n = 1 on ACE-I, 3 on ARB, 1 with HTN, and 11 with PMH).