TABLE 1.

Proposed diagnostic criteria for Rowell syndrome

ROWELL ET AL (1963)2	LEE ET AL (1995)6	ZEITOUNI ET AL (2000)7	TORCHIA ET AL (2012)3
•LE •EM-like lesions (with absence of any known precipitating factors) •Chilblains •Speckled pattern of ANA •Anti-La/SSB antibody •Positive rheumatoid factor	•LE •EM-like lesions (with absence of any known precipitating factors) •Speckled pattern of ANA •Anti-SJT antibody (anti-La/SS-B) •Positive rheumatoid factor	Major criteria: •SLE, DLE, or SCLE •EM-likelesions (with/without involvement of mucous membranes) •Speckled pattern of ANA Minor criteria: •Chilblains •Anti-Ro/SSA or anti-La/SSB •Positive rheumatoid factor	Major criteria: •Presence of CCLE (DLE and/or chilblain) •Presence of EM-like lesions (typical or atypical targets) •At least one positivity among speckled ANA, anti-Ro/SSA, and anti-La/SSB antibodies •Negative DIF on lesional EM-like lesions Minor criteria: •Absence of infectious or pharmacologic triggers •Absence of typical EM location (acral and mucosal) •Presence of at least one additional ARA criterion for diagnosis of SLE besides discoid rash and ANA and excluding photosensitivity, malar rash, and oral ulcers
Diagnosis: all features	Diagnosis: all features	Diagnosis: 3 major + 1 minor criteria	Diagnosis: presence of all 4 major criteria and at least one minor criterion

LE: lupus erythematosus; EM: erythema multiforme; ANA: antinuclear antibody; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; DLE: discoid lupus erythematosus; DIF: direct immunofluorescence; SCLE: subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus; CCLE: chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus; ARA: American Rheumatism Association