Fig 1. Trend in the number of females with cubs of the year (FCOY) detected annually in the Eastern Cantabrian subpopulation between 1994 and 2018 (grey solid line–observed).

Population change over time (red solid line–Expected) was estimated using a Bayesian time-series modelling approach using the R-INLA package for R [54]. We used a Negative Binomial error distribution and included an auto-regressive term, since the number of FCOY detected annually are not independent over time.