Table 2.
Means and standard deviations for continuous study variables at both time-points
| Time 1 |
Time 2 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | SD | Range | Mean | SD | Range | |
| Depress. symptoms | 1.75 | .52 | 1.00–3.58 | 1.84 | .56 | 1.00–3.75 |
| Anxiety symptoms | 1.64 | .77 | 1.00–4.00 | 1.85 | .79 | 1.00–4.00 |
| Loneliness | 1.30 | .47 | 1.00–3.00 | 1.44 | .53 | 1.00–3.00 |
| NA | -- | -- | -- | 3.24 | .80 | 1.00–5.00 |
| PA | -- | -- | -- | 2.52 | .81 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Time - parents | -- | -- | -- | 4.41 | .85 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Sup – parents | -- | -- | -- | 3.87 | .87 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Con – parents | -- | -- | -- | 2.76 | 1.00 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Time – friends | -- | -- | -- | 1.43 | .91 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Sup – friends | -- | -- | -- | 2.92 | .92 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Con – friends | -- | -- | -- | 2.38 | .94 | 1.00–5.00 |
| Income | 2.65 | .83 | 1–4 | -- | -- | -- |
| Mother education | 4.64 | 1.53 | 1–11 | -- | -- | -- |
“--” indicates the variable was not included at that time point. Perceived Changes in: NA = Negative Affect; PA = Positive Affect; Time = Time spent with; Sup = support; Con = conflict. There were significant mean level increases in depressive symptoms (d = .19), anxiety symptoms (d = .27), and loneliness (d = .28) between time 1 and time 2. Demographic background characteristics were coded as follows: sex (1 = male, 2 = female); mother education (1 = no formal schooling, 2 = less than high school, 3 = high school/GED, 4 = some college, 5 = 2-year college degree, 6 = 4-year college degree, 7 = master's degree, 8 = doctoral degree, 9 = professional degree), family income (1 = less than $20,000; 2 = $20,000–$35,000; 3 = $35,000–$50,000; 4 = $50,000–$75,000; 5 = $75,000–$100,000; 6 = $100,000–$150,000; 7 = $150,000–$200,000, 8 = $200,000 or more); race/ethnicity (1 = African American, 2 = Asian American or Pacific Islander, 3 = Hispanic or Latinx, 4 = Caucasian or white, 5 = Native American, 6 = Mixed or Biracial); community type (1 = Urbanized Area, 2 = Urban Center, 3 = Rural).