Table 4.
Results of hierarchical multiple regression models predicting mental and emotional health indices from perceived changes during COVID-19
| Depressive symptoms |
Anxiety symptoms |
Loneliness |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | SE | Β | b | SE | β | b | SE | β | |
| Step 1- Demographics | |||||||||
| Sex | −.01 | .04 | −.01 | .04 | .06 | .03 | .01 | .04 | .01 |
| Race - African American | .02 | .05 | .02 | .11 | .08 | .06 | .05 | .06 | .04 |
| Race - Hispanic/Latinx | −.05 | .05 | −.03 | .10 | .09 | .06 | .17 | .06 | .12∗ |
| Race – Other | .11 | .06 | .06+ | .13 | .10 | .05 | .06 | .07 | .03 |
| Community – Urban Area | .01 | .05 | .01 | .04 | .08 | .02 | .01 | .06 | .01 |
| Community – Rural | −.06 | .06 | −.03 | .01 | .10 | .01 | .05 | .07 | .03 |
| Income | .01 | .01 | .03 | .02 | .02 | .04 | .02 | .01 | .06 |
| Parent Education | −.03 | .01 | −.08∗ | −.01 | .02 | −.03 | −.01 | .02 | −.01 |
| R2= .04; F change in R2= 1.90ns | R2= .03; F change in R2= 1.67ns | R2= .02; F change in R2= .87ns | |||||||
| Step 2 - Predictors | |||||||||
| Time 1 Mental health | .69 | .04 | .64∗∗∗ | .56 | .04 | .50∗∗∗ | .55 | .05 | .49∗∗∗ |
| R2= .49; F change in R2= 42.18∗∗∗ | R2= .33; F change in R2= 21.71∗∗∗ | R2= .30; F change in R2= 18.61∗∗∗ | |||||||
| Step 3 - COVID responses | |||||||||
| Perceived change in NA | .13 | .03 | .18∗∗∗ | .28 | .05 | .28∗∗∗ | .09 | .03 | .13∗∗ |
| Perceived change in PA | −.05 | .03 | −.07+ | −.14 | .04 | −.14∗∗ | −.04 | .03 | −.06 |
| Perceived change in time w/ family | −.04 | .02 | −.06 | −.05 | .04 | −.05 | −.02 | .03 | −.03 |
| Perceived change in support-family | .01 | .02 | .02 | .02 | .04 | .03 | −.02 | .03 | −.03 |
| Perceived change in conflict-family | .07 | .02 | .13∗∗∗ | .03 | .03 | .04 | .09 | .02 | .17∗∗∗ |
| Perceived change in time w/ friends | .04 | .02 | .06+ | −.01 | .04 | −.01 | −.05 | .02 | −.09∗ |
| Perceived change in support-friends | −.05 | .02 | −.09∗ | .02 | .03 | .03 | −.03 | .03 | −.04 |
| Perceived change in conflict-friends | .01 | .02 | .01 | .06 | .04 | .07+ | −.01 | .03 | −.01 |
| R2= .58; F change in R2= 31.14∗∗∗ | R2= .48; F change in R2= 20.73∗∗∗ | R2= .38; F change in R2= 13.61∗∗∗ | |||||||
Time 1 Mental Health = respective mental health indicator at T1; Dummy variables were created for African American (0 = not African American, 1 = African American), Hispanic/Latinx (0 = not Hispanic/Latinx, 1 = Hispanic/Latinx), and Other (1 = Asian-American, Native American, Other). Dummy variables were also created for Urban Area (0 = not Urban Area, 1 = Urban Area) and Rural community (0 = not rural, 1 = rural).
∗∗∗p < .001, ∗∗p < .01, ∗p < .05, +p < .10.