Table 3.

Adjusted Incremental Direct Medical Costs per Person per Year by Severity of Asthma, 2010–2017†

	Asthma (n = 13,732) vs No Asthma (n = 160,805)	Mild Asthma (n = 10,586) vs No Asthma	Moderate Asthma (n = 3048) vs No Asthma	Severe Asthma (n = 98) vs No Asthma	Moderate Asthma vs Mild Asthma	Severe Asthma vs Mild Asthma
Total costs	$4333 (3120, 5546)*	$3305 (1780, 4831)*	$7250 (6028, 8472)*	$9175 (5362, 12,987)*	$5131 (3797, 6465)*	$8614 (4141, 13,087)*
Outpatient visits	$946 (747, 1145)*	$822 (615, 1029)*	$1274 (789, 1760)*	$2236 (1013, 3458)*	$604 (139, 1068)*	$2001 (470, 3532)*
ED visits	$140 (107, 174)*	$134 (98, 170)*	$155 (83, 227)*	$259 (−13, 531)	$40 (−47, 128)	$184 (−149, 518)
Hospitalizations	$578 (304, 852)*	$222 (−53, 497)	$1649 (910, 2389)*	$841 (−1265, 2947)	$1935 (763, 3108)*	$568 (−2077, 3213)
Prescription drugs	$2975 (1858, 4092)*	$2105 (733, 3476)*	$5420 (4760, 6080)*	$6966 (4017, 9914)*	$3805 (3023, 4586)*	$6479 (2886, 10,071)*
Others	$31 (19, 43)*	$25 (11, 38)*	$46 (18, 75)*	$140 (17, 263)*	$28 (−3, 59)	$134 (−7, 275)

Notes: †Data are presented as mean (95% CI). A generalized linear model (gamma distribution with log link function) was used to adjust for age, sex, race, ethnicity, region, marital status, income, insurance, smoking, and Charlson Comorbidity Index. *P < 0.05.

Abbreviations: ED, emergency department, CI, confidence interval.