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Mitochondrial death includes apoptosis and necroptosis. Apoptosis is regulated by outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeabilization, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, caspase-9 activation. Necroptosis is induced by the activation of RIPK3/MLKL pathway and the mPTP opening. Then, mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction and tricarboxylic acid cycle termination contribute to ATP exhaustion, cytoplasmic swelling, and membrane rupture.
