Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 284) | Group 1a (n = 56) | Group 2 (n = 34) | Group 3 (n = 98) | Group 4 (n = 96) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 61 (51.25, 68) | 54 (38.25, 62) | 58.5 (47, 65.25) | 64 (58.75, 71.25) | 63 (55.25, 70) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 165 (58.1) | 33 (58.93) | 19 (55.89) | 53 (54.08) | 60 (62.5) | 0.683 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.81 ± 3.33 | 21.37 ± 3.35 | 22.93 ± 3.54 | 21.63 ± 3.17 | 21.84 ± 3.36 | 0.164 |
| Hemodialysis data | ||||||
| Dry weight, kg | 59.84 ± 11.33 | 58.28 ± 10.59 | 63.59 ± 12.55 | 59.13 ± 11.52 | 60.13 ± 10.96 | 0.155 |
| Dialysis duration, months | 90 (56, 155) | 99 (59, 181) | 91 (47.25, 138.25) | 82 (48.75, 145.5) | 92.5 (62, 158.25) | 0.129 |
| Brachial SBP, mmHg | 150.46 ± 25.64 | 136.96 ± 22.55 | 130.71 ± 20.19 | 158.76 ± 22.13 | 156.87 ± 25.75 | <0.001 |
| Brachial DBP, mmHg | 82.91 ± 13.64 | 82.14 ± 15.81 | 78.06 ± 12.50 | 84.25 ± 12.83 | 83.70 ± 13.26 | 0.125 |
| PP, mmHg | 46.5 (36.25, 59) | 38.5 (30.25, 49.5) | 37 (30.75, 41.25) | 50 (44, 67) | 53.5 (39, 65.75) | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 105.38 ± 16.57 | 100.59 ± 18.07 | 95.59 ± 15.38 | 109.10 ± 14.62 | 107.84 ± 16.14 | <0.001 |
| spKt/V for urea | 1.60 (1.41, 1.91) | 1.55 (1.41, 2.00) | 1.52 (1.33, 1.80) | 1.67 (1.44, 1.89) | 1.61 (1.43, 1.93) | 0.414 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 238 (83.80) | 40 (71.43) | 28 (82.35) | 90 (91.84) | 80 (83.33) | 0.011 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 36 (12.68) | 0 (0) | 3 (8.82) | 12 (12.24) | 21 (21.88) | 0.001 |
| Prior CAD, n (%) | 19 (6.69) | 3 (5.36) | 0 (0) | 8 (8.16) | 8 (8.33) | 0.340 |
| Stroke history, n (%) | 19 (6.69) | 1 (1.79) | 6 (17.65) | 6 (6.12) | 6 (6.25) | 0.032 |
| Current medication | ||||||
| Antihypertensives, n (%) | 204 (71.83) | 35 (62.5) | 22 (64.71) | 79 (80.61) | 68 (70.83) | 0.070 |
| Phosphate binders, n (%) | 223 (78.52) | 44 (78.57) | 32 (94.12) | 77 (78.57) | 70 (72.92) | 0.082 |
| Statins, n (%) | 46 (16.2) | 8 (14.29) | 5 (14.71) | 14 (14.29) | 19 (19.79) | 0.709 |
| Lab result | ||||||
| Total triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.46 (1.07, 2.29) | 1.43 (0.93, 1.86) | 1.91 (1.26, 3.01) | 1.58 (1.16, 2.37) | 1.37 (1.02, 2.06) | 0.051 |
| Total lipoprotein, mmol/L | 3.95 (3.34, 4, 59) | 3.97 (3.54, 4.41) | 4.13 (3.56, 4.46) | 3.97 (3.28, 4.90) | 3.81 (3.30, 4.53) | 0.519 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.29 | 1.10 ± 0.38 | 1.06 ± 0.30 | 1.01 ± 0.30 | 0.252 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.23 ± 0.77 | 2.16 ± 0.62 | 2.33 ± 0.73 | 2.40 ± 0.79 | 2.05 ± 0.81 | 0.011 |
| BNP, pg/ml | 251.5 (131, 484.75) | 276 (103, 553) | 210 (121.75, 382.75) | 247.5 (150.5, 462.75) | 274 (141, 498.5) | 0.736 |
| Albumin, g/L | 39.33 ± 3.32 | 39.97 ± 3.42 | 39.53 ± 3.31 | 38.74 ± 3.43 | 39.50 ± 3.08 | 0.141 |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.2 (0.96, 6.15) | 1.52 (0.89, 4.11) | 1.80 (0.70, 5.89) | 2.17 (0.95, 6.57) | 3.42 (1.17, 7.37) | 0.064 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.35 ± 0.26 | 2.32 ± 0.24 | 2.37 ± 0.22 | 2.33 ± 0.29 | 2.39 ± 0.23 | 0.335 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.81 ± 0.51 | 1.93 ± 0.56 | 1.84 ± 0.53 | 1.78 ± 0.44 | 1.74 ± 0.54 | 0.170 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 1,034.35 ± 235.75 | 1,049.94 ± 238.68 | 1,116.14 ± 229.72 | 1,006.05 ± 231.48 | 1,025.20 ± 236.96 | 0.117 |
| PWV, m/s | 8.70 (7.65, 10.61) | 7.11 (6.50, 7.59) | 7.15 (6.46, 7.67) | 9.72 (8.84, 10.97) | 9.69 (8.63, 11.63) | <0.001 |
| Galectin-3, ng/ml | 29.68 ± 9.95 | 21.56 ± 6.03 | 36.22 ± 3.68 | 22.90 ± 5.93 | 39.02 ± 6.61 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; BNP, B-type brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; spKt/V, single-pool Kt/V.
a
Group 1: low PWV–low galectin-3; group 2: low PWV–high galectin-3; group 3: high PWV–low galectin-3; and group 4: high PWV–high galectin-3 values.