Table 3.

Branched-chain amino acid metabolites, history of gestational diabetes, and breastfeeding

	history of gestational diabetes		any diabetes during pregnancy		ever breastfed		>6 months breastfeeding
	beta	95% CI	beta	95% CI	beta	95% CI	beta	95% CI
1-carboxyethylisoleucinea, b	0.1937	−0.0161, 0.4036	0.2950	0.0801, 0.5098	−0.1729	−0.3160, −0.0297	−0.2722	−0.4648, −0.0795
1-carboxyethylleucinea, b	0.2909	0.0732, 0.5085	0.3253	0.1111, 0.5395	−0.1425	−0.2858, 0.0008	−0.2636	−0.4562, −0.0710
2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutyratea,b	0.0452	−0.2094, 0.2997	0.0521	−0.1866, 0.2908	−0.0872	−0.2463, 0.0718	−0.1522	−0.3664, 0.0621
2-hydroxy-3-methylvaleratea	0.0469	−0.1711, 0.2648	0.0414	−0.1626, 0.2453	−0.1713	−0.3067, −0.0360	−0.2189	−0.4014, −0.0364
3-hydroxyisobutyratea	0.1672	−0.0872, 0.4215	0.1363	−0.1035, 0.3761	0.1532	−0.0063, 0.3126	−0.0305	−0.2460, 0.1851
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate	0.2312	−0.0050, 0.4675	0.2691	0.0454, 0.4927	−0.0337	−0.1834, 0.1160	−0.1005	−0.3022, 0.1013
3-methylglutaconatea	0.2794	0.0159, 0.5429	0.1902	−0.0565, 0.4368	0.0047	−0.1599, 0.1694	0.0110	−0.2110, 0.2392
3-methylglutarylcarnitine (2)a	0.0952	−0.1403, 0.3307	0.0157	−0.2052, 0.2366	−0.0164	−0.1638, 0.1309	0.0523	−0.1462, 0.2507
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate	0.1955	−0.0442, 0.4351	0.2406	0.0139, 0.4674	0.0300	−0.1217, 0.1816	0.0298	−0.1747,0. 2342
alpha-hydroxyisovaleratea	0.0807	−0.1667, 0.3282	0.0575	−0.1738, 0.2887	−0.1645	−0.3182, −0.0108	−0.1948	−0.4021, 0.0124
beta-hydroxyisovaleratea	−0.0643	−0.3187, 0.1902	−0.0544	−0.2924, 0.1836	−0.1169	−0.2754, 0.0416	−0.1132	−0.3271, 0.1007
ethylmalonatea	−0.0326	−0.2881, 0.2229	−0.0162	−0.2574, 0.2249	0.1317	−0.0289, 0.2921	0.0659	−0.1516, 0.28214
isobutyrylcarnitine (C4)a	−0.0278	−0.2966, 0.2410	−0.0586	−0.3099, 0.1927	−0.0820	−0.2495, 0.0856	−0.1097	−0.3354, 0.1160
isobutyrylglycinea	0.0219	−0.2406, 0.2843	0.0138	−0.2323, 0.2598	−0.0775	−0.2415, 0.0864	−0.0040	−0.2251, 0.2170
isovalerate (i5:0)	0.0815	−0.1816, 0.3447	0.0868	−0.1596, 0.3332	0.0466	−0.1175, 0.2107	0.0125	−0.2088, 0.2338
isovalerylglycinea, b	0.1434	−0.1237, 0.4104	0.2068	−0.0427, 0.4562	−0.0613	−0.2279, 0.1054	−0.1619	−0.3862, 0.0624
methylsuccinatea	0.0228	−0.2347, 0.2830	0.0503	−0.1952, 0.2959	0.0964	−0.0670, 0.2599	−0.0272	−0.2476, 0.1933
N-acetylisoleucinea	0.1762	−0.0768, 0.4292	0.1582	−0.0784, 0.3948	−0.1330	−0.2906, 0.0247	−0.1398	−0.3505, 0.0746
N-acetylleucinea	0.2466	−0.0061, 0.4992	0.2020	−0.0341, 0.4382	−0.1779	−0.3350, −0.0207	−0.1534	−0.3658, 0.0590
tiglylcarnitine (C5:1-DC)	0.1173	−0.1314, 0.3660	0.0534	−0.1803, 0.2871	0.0989	−0.0568, 0.2546	0.1268	−0.0832, 0.3368
3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate	0.0598	−0.1805, 0.3002	0.1019	−0.1242, 0.3279	0.0283	−0.1225, 0.1791	−0.0524	−0.2557, 0.1509
isovalerylcarnitine (C5)	−0.0795	−0.3414, 0.1822	−0.1049	−0.3497, 0.1399	0.0375	−0.1275, 0.2009	−0.0673	−0.2877, 0.1529
2-methylbutyrylcarnitine (C5)	−0.0272	−0.2692, 0.2148	−0.0316	−0.2623, 0.1900	0.0033	−0.1475, 0.1541	−0.0899	−0.2931, 0.1132
1-carboxyethylvalinea, b	0.2827	0.0733, 0.4931	0.3512	0.1401, 0.5624	−0.1753	−0.3165, −0.0340	−0.2792	−0.4692, −0.0892
3-hydroxy-2-ethylpropionate	0.2767	0.0394, 0.5140	0.3308	0.1080, 0.5536	0.1779	0.0291, 0.3266	0.0936	−0.1079, 0.2951
alpha-hydroxyisocaproatea,b	0.2343	0.0027, 0.4660	0.2146	−0.0054, 0.4347	−0.1242	−0.2710, 0.0226	−0.3044	−0.5012, −0.1075
N-carbamoylvalinea, b	0.0254	−0.2278, 0.2786	0.0629	−0.1751, 0.3008	0.0757	−0.0829, 0.2344	0.0631	−0.1508, 0.2769

All results adjusted for age, BMI and waist circumference at time of metabolite measurement, average prior adult BMI, race, and menopausal status.

^alog-transformed to address skewness

^b>10% below the limit of detection; imputed as ½ LOD; results in supplementary material with values below LOD omitted