TABLE 2.
Group characteristics at longitudinal follow-up (end of second grade)
| Typical controls | At-risk children with typical reading outcomes | At-risk children with poor reading outcomes | MANOVA F(max df = 2,72) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General information | ||||
| n | 39 (21 f/18 m) | 18 (7 f/11 m) | 17 (9 f/8 m) | |
| Age (in months) | 98.90 ± 3.73 | 98.44 ± 5.46 | 99.76 ± 4.04 | 2.47 |
| Language skills | ||||
| Sentence comprehension | 12.03 ± 1.66 | 11.25 ± 1.57 | 10.29 ± 1.45 | 7.55**a |
| Vocabulary | 123.76 ± 13.66 | 119.25 ± 13.97 | 105.82 ± 13.84 | 9.88***b |
| Reading skills | ||||
| Timed word reading | 109.08 ± 8.44 | 105.61 ± 8.08 | 88.94 ± 12.67 | 26.69***b |
| Timed non-word reading | 106.28 ± 10.11 | 103.39 ± 8.99 | 80.18 ± 6.59 | 51.34***b |
| Untimed word reading | 112.31 ± 8.47 | 112 ± 5.92 | 88.29 ± 9.23 | 53.59***b |
| Untimed non-word reading | 108.53 ± 10.79 | 108.35 ± 7.79 | 85.94 ± 7.97 | 36.75***b |
Note: Standardized scores provided;
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p ≤ .001.
a
FDR-corrected post-hoc tests on a one-way ANOVA by group found that typical controls performed significantly better than only at-risk children with dyslexia; at-risk groups did not significantly differ.
b
FDR-corrected post-hoc tests on one-way ANOVA by group found that typical controls and at-risk children without dyslexia performed significantly better than at-risk children with dyslexia, typical controls did not significantly differ from at-risk children without dyslexia.