Table 3.

Some strategies of bile acid-based oral drug administration

Strategies	APIs	Bile acids (or derivatives)	Efficacy	References
Prodrug	S1037	3-Diazirine-Derivatives of bile acid	Increasing uptake, inhibited by taurocholate	[113]
Prodrug	acyclovir	chenodeoxycholate	198% drug recovery	[114]
Prodrug	steroidal pyrazoles	glycodeoxycholic acid	Higher uptake with monoanionic form	[115]
Prodrug	gabapentin	chenodeoxycholic acid	Higher uptake with single charge	[117]
Prodrug	Asp-β-benzyl ester	cholic acid	Inhibition of taurocholate uptake	[119]
Prodrug	cytarabine	ursodeoxycholic acid	Relative bioavailability 209%	[120]
Prodrug	camptothecin	deoxycholic acid	65.48% uptake inhibition by taurocholate in cell spheroids	[121]
Prodrug	LWMH	deoxycholic acid	ASBT-colocalization	[92]
Electrostatic	trospium chloride	Glycochenodeoxycholate, taurodeoxycholate	Enhanced permeation in Caco-2	[123]
Electrostatic	ceftriaxone	cholyethyendiaine	Relative bioavailability 1300%	[124]
Electrostatic	LWMH	deoxycholylethylamine	Relative bioavailability 2500%	[125]
Electrostatic	EGFR2R-lytic hybrid peptide	taurodeoxycholate	64% tumor volume	[126]
Prodrug/Electrostatic	LHT7	tetrameric deoxycholic acid/deoxycholylethylamine	Relative bioavailability 916%	[127]
Electrostatic	ibandronate	Nα-deoxycholyl-L-lysyl-methylester	Relative bioavailability 430%	[164]
Liposomes	salmon calcitonin	taurodeoxycholate	Relative bioavailability 710%	[165]
Liposomes	insulin	deoxycholic acid	Relative bioavailability 143%	[142]
Liposomes	Exendin-4	glycocholic acid	Bioavailability 19.5% to s.c. injection	[143]
Bilosomes	haemagglutinin antigen	deoxycholic acid	Higher sIgA titer	[146]
Bilosomes	hepatitis B surface antigen	sodium deoxycholate	Higher sIgA titer	[147]
Bilosomes	diphtheria toxoid	sodium deoxycholate	Higher sIgA titer	[148]
Bilosomes	fenofibrate	sodium deoxycholate	Relative bioavailability 513%	[149]
SaNPs	felodipine	sodium taurocholate	Relative bioavailability 160%	[151]
SaNPs	vitamin K	glycocholic acid	Higher drug stability/solubility	[155]
SaNPs	heparin-docetaxel	taurocholic acid	Relative bioavailability 132%	[152]
SaNPs	quantum Dots	deoxycholic acid	Jejunum/ileum accumulation	[153]
SaNPs	silybin	sodium cholate	Relative bioavailability 252%	[156]
Nanoparticles	rhodamine B	deoxycholic acid	Relative bioavailability 181%	[158]