Table 3.
Odds ratios for diabetic neuropathy determined by multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Crude OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P |
| Age, per 5-year increase | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.307 |
| Gender (male vs. female) | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | 0.017 | 0.85 (0.65–1.10) | 0.214 |
| Location of residence (urban vs. rural) | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 0.819 | 1.08 (0.70–1.65) | 0.739 |
| Marital status (not married vs. married) | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 0.175 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 0.653 |
| Higher education (yes vs. no) | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | 0.062 |
| Regular family income (yes vs. no) | 0.88 (0.67–1.14) | 0.330 | 1.26 (0.87–1.82) | 0.217 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Ever vs. never | 1.60 (1.25–2.04) | <0.001 | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 0.069 |
| Current vs. never | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.649 | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.602 |
| Higher exercise level (yes vs. no) | 0.70 (0.57–0.86) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | 0.582 |
| Family history of diabetes (yes vs. no) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 0.291 | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 0.759 |
| Duration of diabetes, per 1-year increase | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, per 1% increase | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 2.13 (1.69–2.68) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.18–2.12) | 0.002 |
| BMI, per 1 kg/m2 increase | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.006 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.125 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 3.00 (2.35–3.84) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.55–2.78) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (yes vs. no) | 2.45 (1.93–3.11) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.43–2.58) | <0.001 |