Table 2.
Association between maternal antenatal depression and offspring psychotic experiences by the age of 18 years in a sample with complete exposure, outcome, and confounding variables
| Mothers with complete exposure data (n=9204) | Offspring with complete exposure, outcome, and confounding variable data (n=3067) | Offspring with psychotic experiences aged 18 years (n=3067) |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value | ||||
| Low maternal antenatal depressive symptoms score (0–5·5) | 4336 (47%) | 1596 (52%) | 92 (3%) | 1 (ref) | .. | 1 (ref) | .. |
| Moderate maternal antenatal depressive symptoms score (6–12) | 3789 (41%) | 1214 (40%) | 102 (3%) | 1·49 (1·12–2·00) | 0·0066 | 1·37 (1·01–1·84) | 0·041 |
| High maternal antenatal depressive symptoms score (>12) | 1079 (12%) | 257 (8%) | 31 (1%) | 2·24 (1·46–3·45) | 0·0002 | 1·77 (1·12–2·79) | 0·015 |
| Antenatal maternal depression score (5-point increase in EPDS score) | .. | .. | .. | 1·38 (1·18–1·61) | 0·0001 | 1·26 (1·06–1·49) | 0·0074 |
Model 1 shows univariable associations between each timing of maternal perinatal depression and offspring psychotic experiences at the age of 18 years. Model 2 is model 1 including confounding variables: maternal age at delivery, maternal social class, maternal education, maternal parity, whether the pregnancy was intentional or not, maternal smoking in the first trimester, maternal cannabis use in the first trimester, maternal infection during pregnancy, maternal family history of schizophrenia, maternal family history of depression, maternal history of depression before pregnancy, and offspring sex. EPDS=Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.