Table 2.
Custody-specific risk factors for self-harm in prison
| Studies analysed (k) | Participants (n) | OR (95% CI) | z score | p value | Heterogeneity (I2) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solitary confinement | 11 | 410 314 | 5·6 (2·7–11·6) | 4·6 | <0·0001 | 98% |
| Violence or assault perpetration | 8 | 276 968 | 3·8 (0·9–15·8) | 1·8 | 0·068 | 99% |
| Disciplinary infractions | 13 | 302 203 | 3·5 (1·2–9·7) | 2·3 | 0·019 | 99% |
| Sexual or physical victimisation | 7 | 9198 | 3·2 (2·1–4·8) | 5·7 | <0·0001 | 44% |
| Poor social support | 3 | 2852 | 3·1 (2·0–4·8) | 4·9 | <0·0001 | 62% |
| Threatened with violence | 5 | 5794 | 2·6 (2·0–3·3) | 7·0 | <0·0001 | 44% |
| No social contact or visits | 5 | 2153 | 2·3 (1·5–3·5) | 3·9 | <0·0001 | 51% |
| Not working in prison | 3 | 3311 | 1·9 (1·5–2·5) | 4·8 | <0·0001 | 18% |
| Single cell accommodation | 5 | 4309 | 1·5 (0·8–2·9) | 1·2 | 0·23 | 87% |
| Exposure to self-harm | 4 | 1708 | 1·3 (0·5–3·6) | 0·6 | 0·57 | 89% |
I2 represents the percentage of variability in estimates of effect size that is attributable to between-study variation (heterogeneity). OR=odds ratio.