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. 2020 Oct 20;14:581360. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.581360

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Copyright © 2020 Okine, Shepard, Lemanski and Coutellier.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ketamine and UCMS interact to change mRNA levels of genes involved in glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in the PFC. Top row (blue; A–C): in males, mRNA levels of NR1 and NR2A are significantly reduced by UCMS. NR2A mRNA levels are also reduced by ketamine, mostly in the control group. PV mRNA levels are significantly lower in the PFC of mice exposed to UCMS and ketamine. Bottom row (pink; D–F): in females, only PV mRNA levels were reduced by ketamine. N = 4–6 mice/group/sex. Data analyzed by two-way ANOVA. **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001, ^$main ketamine effect for p ≤ 0.05, ^λdifferent than all other groups for p ≤ 0.03.