Table 2. Physiologically individualized therapy based on renin/aldosterone phenotyping (30).

	Primary aldosteronism/inappropriate aldosterone secretion	Liddle’s syndrome and variants (mutations affecting the function of the renal Na+ channel)	Renal/renovascular
Renin	Low	Low	High
Aldosterone	High	Low	High
Primary treatment	Aldosterone antagonist (spironolactone, eplerenone); amiloride if eplerenone is not available for men† (rarely adrenalectomy)	Amiloride	Angiotensin receptor blocker, renin inhibitor (rarely revascularization)

^†, gynecomastia and mastalgia are common in men taking high doses of spironolactone. (Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press from: Akintunde A, Nondi J, Gogo K, et al. Physiological Phenotyping for Personalized Therapy of Uncontrolled Hypertension in Africa. Am J Hypertens 2017;30:923-30).