Table 2.
The 14-3-3γ in brain disorders
| Category of disease | Name of disease | Expression pattern or potential role in disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neurodevelopmental disorders | Williams syndrome | Associated with epilepsy phenotypes | 54-57 |
| Down syndrome (DS) | Decreased in the cortex of fetal DS patients | 63 | |
| Increased in the cortex of aged DS patients | 62 | ||
| Neurodegenerative disorders | Parkinson’s disease (PD) | Colocalized with the Lewy body of PD | 70-72 |
| Decreased in the transgenic a-syn mouse | 73 | ||
| Neuroprotection against the rotenone or MPTP induced cytotoxicity | 74 | ||
| Promote the a-syn aggregation | 75, 76 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | Colocalized with the NFT in hippocampus of AD patients | 83 | |
| Increased in overall cortical regions of aged AD patients | 84 | ||
| Decreased in the frontal cortex of postmortem AD patients | 85 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) | Useful marker for CJD diagnosis using CSF | 88-95 | |
| Neuroinflammatory disease | Inflammatory joint disease (IJD) | Highly observed in SF and serum of patients with IJD | 96 |
| Cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) | A marker for osteoarthritis caused by CCLR | 97 | |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | Increased in the spinal cord of chronic MOG-EAE | 98 | |
| A protective factor for OL against autoimmune dehydration | 98 | ||
| Ischemic damaged brain | Increased in infarct lesions of ischemic brain | 102, 103 | |
| Detected in CSF of MELAS patients | 104 | ||
| A survival factor for ischemic-induced cell death in neurons | 106-108 | ||
| A protectant against ischemic cortical astrocytes | 109-115 | ||
| CNS cancer | Glioma | Promote glioblastoma progression | 126-128 |
The 14-3-3γ is implicated in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, and is also associated with neuroinflammatory diseases and CNS cancer such as glioma. The 14-3-3γ is likely to be involved in the development of various brain diseases, and is useful as a biomarker for diagnosis and a potential therapeutic target for treatment. (α-syn: α-synuclein; NFT: neurofibrillary tangles; SF: synovial fluid; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CCLR: cranial cruciate ligament rupture; MOG-EAE: murine myelin oligodendrocyte-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; OL: oligodendrocyte; MELAS: mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes).