Table 1.

Characteristics of observed outpatient visitors during the pre-intervention and post-intervention periods (before and after installation of pedal-operated alcohol gel dispensers and behavioral nudges).

	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	p-value*
	(n=243 events)	(n=223 events)
Observed location
General Medicine Outpatient Department	82 (33.7%)	70 (31.4%)	N/A
Surgery Outpatient Department	70 (28.8%)	77 (34.5%)
Pharmacy	91 (37.4%)	76 (34.1%)
Age group of observed people (as estimated by the observer)
Preschooler (1-5 years)	3 (1.2%)	3 (1.2%)	N/A
Primary school age (6-12 years)	3 (1.2%)	4 (1.8%)
Secondary school age (13-17 years)	3 (1.2%)	1 (0.4%)
Adult (18-59 years)	127 (52.3%)	148 (66.4%)
Elderly (60 years and older)	107 (44.0%)	69 (30.9%)
Sex of observed people (as assumed by the observer)
Male	86 (35.4%)	79 (35.4%)	N/A
Female	157 (64.6%)	144 (64.6%)
Potential pathogen transmission event
Respiratory fluid contact (coughing, sneezing, others)	9 (3.7%)	5 (2.2%)	0.515
Touching face with bare hands (eyes, nose, mouth, other parts of the face)	77 (31.7%)	52 (23.3%)	0.056
Touching mask or face cover	116 (47.7%)	104 (46.6%)	0.885
Eating or drinking	41 (16.9%)	41 (18.4%)	0.759
Other events°	0 (0.0%)	21 (9.4%)	<0.001
Hand hygiene behavior
Hands not washed	243 (100.0%)	199 (89.2%)	<0.001
Hand(s) washed <20 seconds	0 (0.0%)	13 (5.8%)	<0.001
Hand(s) washed ≥20 seconds	0 (0.0%)	9 (4.0%)	0.005
Hand(s) washed, unsure regarding time	0 (0.0%)	2 (0.9%)	0.441
Location where hand hygiene was performed	N/A	(n=24 events)
Used own hand sanitizer tube	N/A	1 (4.2%)	N/A
At the hospital-provided alcohol dispenser	N/A	1 (4.2%)
At the installed pedal-operated alcohol dispenser	N/A	22 (91.7%)

^*As assessed by chi-square test of independence; °including hospital visitors who approached the alcohol dispensing unit from outside the observation area, obtain hand hygiene gel to wash their hands, then left the observation area; N/A, not available.