Table 3. Source of individual- and population-level data and types of actions by primary care organizations involved in assessing and addressing the social determinants of health.

Study	Sources of individual-level data	Sources of population-level data	Types of action
Institute of Medicine, 198437	Unclear	Unclear	Not reported
Institute of Medicine, 198438	Unclear	Unclear	Not reported
Institute of Medicine, 198439	Patient or proxy in a clinic (unspecified setting)	Not collected	New services for specific subgroups New non-health services Introduction of new legislation or policies
Institute of Medicine,198440	Patient or proxy in clinic waiting room. Home visits	Not collected	New services for specific subgroups New non-health services
Institute of Medicine,198441	Household visits	Unclear	Not reported
Tollman,199442	Home visits. Individuals in clinics	Unclear	Individual-focused interventions. New non-clinical services
Williams & Jaén, 200043	Patient or proxy telephone interviews	Not collected	New services for specific subgroups
Fone et al., 200244	Not collected	Administrative data: held by another agency, not publicly available	New clinical services that benefit the entire community New representation in policy and planning processes
Horne and Costello, 200345	Key informant interviews. Focus groups	Administrative data: unclear	New services for specific subgroups New clinical services that benefit the entire community New non-health services New representation in policy and planning processes
Bam et al., 201346	Household visits	Not collected	Not reported
Hardt et al., 201347	Not collected	Publicly available data and non-publicly available held by other agencies	New clinical services that benefit the entire community New integrated health and social services Introduction of new legislation or policies
Gottlieb et al. 201548	Patient or proxy in a clinic (unspecified setting)	Not collected	Individual-focused interventions
Jinabhai et al., 201549	Individuals in clinics. Household visits	Not collected	Individual-focused interventions. New clinical services that benefit the entire community New integrated health and social services. New non-health services New representation in policy and planning processes
Page-Reeves et al., 201650	Patient or proxy in a clinic (unspecified setting)	Not collected	Individual-focused interventions. New clinical services that benefit the entire community Introduction of new legislation or policies
Pinto et al., 201651	Patient or proxy in a clinic waiting room	Not collected	Introduction of new legislation or policies
Lofters et al., 201752	Patient or proxy in a clinic waiting room	Non-publicly available data held by other agencies	Not reported
Pinto & Bloch, 201753	Patient or proxy in a clinic waiting room	Not collected	Not reported