Table 2. Clinical characteristics of Covid-19 patients and the risk of severity.
| Clinical characteristics | NS | Model | Value | pE | pHet | p | OR | 95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Severe | Mild | ||||||||
| Comorbids | |||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 6 | Random | 14 [3.94] | 15 [1.68] | 1.3430 | 0.0280 | 0.1910 | 2.56 | 0.63-10.45 |
| Chronic liver disease | 6 | Fixed | 16 [4.82] | 26 [4.04] | <0.0001 | 0.3220 | 0.3220 | 1.45 | 0.70-3.01 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 10 | Fixed | 31 [5.47] | 31 [1.66] | 0.7060 | 0.1020 | 0.0010 | 2.48 | 1.44-4.27 |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 5 | Random | 20 [5.54] | 30 [2.09] | 0.9110 | 0.0380 | 0.1850 | 2.02 | 0.71-5.70 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 13 | Random | 76 [10.45] | 94 [4.95] | 0.5400 | 0.0580 | 0.0310 | 1.70 | 1.05-2.78 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 17 | Random | 156 [19.24] | 194 [8.40] | 0.7040 | <0.0001 | 0.0020 | 2.10 | 1.33-3.34 |
| Hypertension | 15 | Random | 269 [35.54] | 369 [16.79] | 0.7680 | <0.0001 | 0.0010 | 2.33 | 1.42-3.81 |
| Malignancy | 11 | Fixed | 29 [4.43] | 40 [2.23] | 0.6150 | 0.1430 | 0.5330 | 1.18 | 0.70-1.99 |
| Symptoms | |||||||||
| Fever | 16 | Random | 599 [79.34] | 1932 [80.84] | 0.9220 | <0.0001 | 0.1730 | 1.51 | 0.83-2.74 |
| Cough | 12 | Random | 377 [64.33] | 1120 [ 54.05] | 0.9560 | <0.0001 | 0.1890 | 1.53 | 0.81-2.90 |
| Dry cough | 4 | Fixed | 75 [44.38] | 178 [55.97] | 0.3130 | 0.1880 | 0.0360 | 0.66 | 0.44-0.97 |
| Expectoration | 10 | Fixed | 136 [26.67] | 438 [29.05] | <0.0001 | 0.8370 | 0.4970 | 1.09 | 0.85-1.39 |
| Sore throat | 10 | Random | 59 [10.57] | 196 [10.96] | 0.7860 | 0.0040 | 0.6350 | 1.18 | 0.59-2.37 |
| Dyspnea | 13 | Random | 286 [42.56] | 318 [16.51] | 0.6340 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 3.28 | 2.09-5.15 |
| Diarrhea | 13 | Random | 65 [9.62] | 134 [6.68] | 0.5180 | 0.0690 | 0.8030 | 1.07 | 0.67-1.69 |
| Myalgia | 11 | Fixed | 105 [17.89] | 283 [15.70] | <0.0001 | 0.7330 | 0.5160 | 1.10 | 0.831-1.44 |
| Nasal congestion | 4 | Fixed | 15 [5.02] | 53 [4.34] | 0.9350 | 0.1000 | 0.7590 | 1.12 | 0.55-2.29 |
| Anorexia | 9 | Random | 103 [25.37] | 143 [15.10] | 0.6960 | 0.0040 | 0.0490 | 1.83 | 1.00-3.34 |
| Abdominal pain | 5 | Fixed | 15 [6.07] | 6 [0.95] | <0.0001 | 0.5650 | 0.0040 | 3.91 | 1.53-10.02 |
| Fatigue | 13 | Random | 310 [46.48] | 694 [34.49] | 0.6790 | <0.0001 | 0.0040 | 2.00 | 1.25-3.20 |
| Dizziness | 4 | Fixed | 13 [10.08] | 24 [5.02] | 0.6510 | 0.1950 | 0.0180 | 2.67 | 1.18-6.01 |
| Headache | 11 | Fixed | 56 [10.45] | 197 [11.58] | 0.5070 | 0.1110 | 0.9950 | 1.00 | 0.71-1.41 |
| Signs | |||||||||
| Temperature >38°C | 5 | Random | 200 [57.97] | 738 [50.14] | 0.6090 | 0.0020 | 0.2660 | 1.44 | 0.76-2.73 |
| Heart rate (x/min) | 4 | Fixed | 269 ± 35.54 | 87.88 ± 13.30 | <0.0001 | 0.4070 | 0.0010 | 1.79 | 1.25-2.56 |
| Respiratory rate (x/min) | 5 | Random | 22.6 ± 4.80 | 20.36 ± 2.00 | 0.8080 | <0.0001 | 0.0100 | 2.85 | 1.28-6.33 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 5 | Fixed | 132.57 ± 23.16 | 123.88 ± 14.37 | 0.3340 | 0.1560 | <0.0001 | 1.84 | 1.31-2.60 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 3 | Random | 76.50 ± 10.61 | 75.59 ± 9.89 | 0.5350 | 0.0260 | 0.7190 | 1.14 | 0.56-2.32 |
Note, Value, data were presented in number [%] or mean ± SD; NS, number of studies; pE, p Egger; pHet, p heterogeneity; OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.