Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of CON, INT, and INT-DPM.
| Characteristic | CON | INT | INT-DPM |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 178 | 424 | 426 |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 65.3 (10.0) | 66.5 (8.6) | 66.7 (9.5) |
| Ethnicity, % | |||
| White | 96.0 | 97.1 | 97.1 |
| South Asian | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.2 |
| Black | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
| Sex, No. (%) | |||
| Women | 70 (39.3) | 166 (39.2) | 147 (34.5) |
| Men | 108 (60.7) | 258 (60.8) | 279 (65.5) |
| Family history | |||
| Type 2 diabetes, No. (%) | 67 (37.6) | 173 (40.8) | 167 (39.2) |
| Cardiovascular disease, No. (%) | 22 (12.4) | 63 (14.9) | 57 (13.4) |
| Previous gestational diabetes, No. (%)a | 4 (5.7) | 12 (7.2) | 18 (12.2) |
| Social deprivation score, mean (SD)b | 15.5 (10.6) | 15.4 (10.2) | 16.2 (10.7) |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 90.5 (17.8) | 90.2 (18.2) | 89.8 (17.4) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31.2 (5.0) | 31.1 (5.6) | 30.9 (5.6) |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD), cm | 105.1 (13.1) | 105.1 (13.5) | 105.2 (13.0) |
| Body fat mass, mean (SD), kgc | 35.2 (8.8) | 34.0 (9.0) | 33.6 (8.9) |
| IFG, No. (%)d | 114 (64.0) | 261 (61.6) | 256 (60.1) |
| NDH, No. (%)d | 64 (36.0) | 163 (38.4) | 170 (39.9) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 6.1 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.3) | 6.1 (0.3) |
| Fasting, mean (SD) | |||
| Plasma glucose, mg/dL | 112 (7.2) | 112 (7.2) | 113 (7.2) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 49.5 (13) | 38.7 (13) | 38.7 (13) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 119.1 (35) | 117 (34) | 118 (35) |
| Plasma insulin, pmol/l | 108.3 (72.5) | 95.7 (54.4) | 91.0(57.1) |
| HOMA, mean (SD) | |||
| Insulin sensitivity, (%)e | 68.5 (41.9) | 73.2 (51.5) | 77.6 (47.2) |
| β cell function, (%)e | 98.1 (44.0) | 90.6 (35.6) | 88.2 (36.3) |
| Physical activity, mean (SD) | |||
| MET min per wkf | 2507 (2761) | 2701 (2640) | 2660 (2748) |
| Min sitting per wkf | 442 (269) | 463 (263) | 431 (241) |
| Low physical activity category, No. (%)f | 42 (32.3) | 91 (29.4) | 98 (32.3) |
| Dietary fat intake scale, mean (SD)g | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.3) |
| W-BQ12, mean (SD)h | 24.8 (6.1) | 25.1 (6.5) | 25.0 (6.1) |
| EQ-5D, mean (SD)h | 0. 8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.2) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CON, control arm; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; INT, standard intervention arm; INT-DPM, intervention arm with diabetes prevention mentors; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NDH, nondiabetic hyperglycemia.
SI conversion factors: To convert total, HDL and LDL cholesterol to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259; plasma glucose to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555.
Female participants.
Indices of multiple deprivation social deprivation score.30
Body fat by Tanita body composition analyzer.30
Impaired fasting glucose–paired baseline fasting plasma glucose levels of 110 or greater to less than 126 mg/dL. Nondiabetic hyperglycemia–paired baseline HbA1c levels of 6.0% or greater to less than 6.5% with an IFG fasting plasma glucose level of 100 or greater to less than 110 mg/dL.
Homeostasis model assessment of baseline insulin sensitivity and β cell function expressed as percentage of standard reference range, from fasting plasma insulin and glucose data.38
Physical activity scales, energy expenditure during physical activity (MET minutes per week), low physical activity category, and sedentary time derived from the international physical activity questionnaire.39,40
Dietary fat and fiber scores based on self-reported Diet Behavior Questionnaire.41