Table 2.

A list of in vivo efficacy of chitosan and some its formulations against T. gondii.

Nanoparticles structure	Chitosan formulations	Strain	Concentration	Exposure time	Positive control/dose	Model	Results	Ref
Chitosan	NMa	RH	0.2 mL LMWc 0.2 ml MMW2d 0.2 ml HMW3e	5 days	Sulfadiazine 400 mg/L/day	BALB/c mice	Growth inhibition rates of tachyzoites in mice receiving LMW, MMW and HMW CS NPs were found to be 86, 84 and 79%, respectively	(Teimouri et al., 2018)
Chitosan	Alginate chitosan calcium phosphate nanocapsules (AEC-CCo-CP-NCs)	RH	1.2% (w/w)	5,10 and 15 days	Sulfadiazine 40 mg/kg/day	BALB/c mice	AEC-CCo-CP-NCs deceared the parasite load in various organs and helped survival of mice till day 25 postinfection.	(Anand et al., 2015)
Chitosan microspheres	Multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) of GRA10b (G10E)	RH Prugniaud strain	667 μg CSf Microsphere and 100 μg of G10E	14 days	NM	BALB/c mice	Increase survival time in group immunized with G10E-CS Immunization with G10E-CS caused protection with prolonged survival in mice model of acute toxoplasmosis and decreases in cyst burden in murine chronic toxoplasmosis.	(Sun et al., 2018)
Chitosan	Spiramycin	RH	400 mg/kg/day 100 mg/kg/day	7 days	Spiramycin	Swiss albino mice	Spiramycin-loaded NPs showed the highest reduction of tachyzoites (about 90% reduction)	(Hagras et al., 2019)
Chitosan	GRA-1 protein GRA1 encoding pDNA	RH	50 μɡ GRA1 pDNA 50 μɡ recombinant GRA1 protein and 100 μɡ chitosan	28 days	NM	C3H/ mice	Oral delivery of vaccines using chitosan as a carrier material appears to be beneficial for inducing an immune response against T. gondii	(Bivas-Benita et al., 2003)
Chitosan	Chitosan nanospheres encapsulated with Toxoplasma lysate	RH Me49	NM	14 days	NM	Swiss abino mice	-Increase survival time -Increase IgGg and IFN- γh -Reduction of pathological changes	(El Temsahy et al., 2016)
Chitosan	Chitosan combined with silver (Ag)	RH	100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL	4 days	Pyrimethamine 0.25 mg/mouse	Swiss albino mice	-Decrease mean numbers of tachyzoites in liver mice immunized with CS NPs -Increase concentration of INF-γ in mice immunized with CS NPs a dose of 200 μg/ml also mice immunized with CS and Ag NPs	(Gaafar et al., 2014)
Chitosan	Spiramycin	RH	NM	7 days	NM	Swiss albino mice	-Spiramycin combined with chitosan nanoparticles has good results compared to single therapy -Increased IgMi- TNF-αj and INF-γ	(Hamad et al., 2018)

^aNot mentioned.

^bDense granular protein GRA10.

^cLow molecular weight.

^dMedium molecular weights.

^eHigh molecular weights.

^fCesium standard.

^gImmunoglobulin G.

^hInterferon gamma.

ⁱImmunoglobulin M.

^jTumor necrosis factor-α.