Table 3:
Variables associated with any gender-based perceived discrimination (n=2,294)
| Any Perceived Gender-Based Discrimination, n=773 (33.7%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | % | Unadjusted OR (95% CI)* | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI)^ | p-value |
| Age | 0.48 | 0.86 | |||
| 20–29 | 32.0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 30–34 | 32.3 | 1.01 (0.79,1.31) | 1.03 (0.76,1.4) | ||
| 35–39 | 35.7 | 1.18 (0.91,1.53) | 1.09 (0.79,1.49) | ||
| 40–45 | 34.6 | 1.12 (0.87,1.46) | 0.96 (0.7,1.32) | ||
| Race | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 38.9 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-Hispanic African American | 25.3 | 0.53 (0.43,0.66) | 0.61 (0.47,0.79) | ||
| Hispanic | 27.6 | 0.60 (0.45,0.80) | 0.61 (0.43,0.86) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 41.1 | 1.10 (0.79,1.53) | 1.36 (0.93,1.98) | ||
| Marital Status | 0.20 | - | |||
| Single, never married | 30.8 | Ref. | |||
| Married or Cohabitating | 35.2 | 1.22 (0.98,1.52) | - | ||
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 33.1 | 1.11 (0.87,1.42) | - | ||
| Education | 0.22 | - | |||
| Less than college degree | 32.4 | Ref. | - | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 34.8 | 1.12 (0.94,1.33) | - | ||
| Annual Household Income | 0.27 | ||||
| < $20,000 | 33.9 | Ref. | - | ||
| $20,000-$59,999 | 32.2 | 0.92 (0.74,1.16) | - | ||
| >= $60,000 | 36.0 | 1.09 (0.85,1.42) | - | ||
| Has additional (non-VA) Insurance | 0.99 | - | |||
| No | 33.7 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 33.7 | 1.00 (0.84,1.19) | - | ||
| Any Religious Affiliation | 0.99 | - | |||
| No religion | 33.7 | Ref. | - | ||
| Any religious affiliation | 33.7 | 1.00 (0.80,1.26) | - | ||
| Medical Illness | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 26.7 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 39.2 | 1.77 (1.48,2.11) | 1.67 (1.34,2.08) | ||
| Mental Illness | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 20.6 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 39.7 | 2.53 (2.06,3.11) | 2.06 (1.57,2.69) | ||
| Most Recent Service Branch | 0.88 | - | |||
| Army | 33.3 | Ref. | - | ||
| Navy | 34.6 | 1.06 (0.85,1.32) | - | ||
| Air Force/Marines/Coast Guard | 33.8 | 1.02 (0.83,1.26) | - | ||
| Ever Deployed | 0.002 | 0.009 | |||
| No | 37.1 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 30.9 | 0.76 (0.64,0.90) | 0.76 (0.62,0.93) | ||
| History of Military Sexual Trauma | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 21.4 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 43.8 | 2.86 (2.38,3.44) | 2.65 (2.11,3.32) | ||
| Female Provider | 0.56 | - | |||
| No | 34.8 | Ref. | - | ||
| Yes | 33.4 | 0.94 (0.76,1.16) | - | ||
| Sees VA PCP for most medical care | 0.147 | 0.014 | |||
| No | 36.6 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 33.0 | 0.85 (0.69,1.06) | 0.73 (0.57,0.94) | ||
| Primary Care Setting | 0.84 | - | |||
| CBOC | 33.9 | Ref. | - | ||
| Hospital | 33.5 | 0.98 (0.83,1.17) | - | ||
| VA WHC at Primary Care Site | 0.001 | 0.015 | |||
| No or don’t know | 38.5 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 31.5 | 0.73 (0.61,0.88) | 0.76 (0.61,0.95) | ||
| Census Region | 0.40 | - | |||
| Northeast | 30.5 | Ref. | - | ||
| Midwest | 33.6 | 1.15 (0.8,1.66) | - | ||
| South | 33.1 | 1.13 (0.82,1.56) | - | ||
| West | 36.7 | 1.32 (0.93,1.88) | - | ||
*
Unadjusted logistic regression for odds of any gender-based perceived discrimination by characteristic.
^
Adjusted for age and for variables associated with gender-based perceived discrimination in bivariate analyses at p<0.15. n=2,271 in adjusted model due to missing data.