Fig. 3.

The impact of host cells PD-L1 on dual-targeted CAR-T cells. a-c The levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ released by untransduced, CD19-z and CD19-z-PD-L1–28-engineered CD4⁺ T cells were measured by ELISA after 24 h incubation at an E:T:host cell ratio of 1:1:1 (b, K562) or 3:1:1 (c, A549). The results are reported as the mean ± SEM for three healthy donors, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 with respect to co-culture with CD19⁺ K562 (b) or A549 (c) cells, analyzed using a paired Student’s t-test. d-e The levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α secreted by untransduced, HER2-z and HER2-z-PD-L1–28-engineered CD4⁺ T cells were measured by CBA after 24 h incubation at an E:T:host cell ratio of 3:1:1. The results are reported as the mean ± SEM with technical triplicates, NS, no significance, * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001 with respect to co-culture with A549 cells, analyzed using Student’s t-test