Table 2.
Non-motor symptoms after the intervention in QG and SQG.
| Qigong group | Sham Qigong group | Group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | p | Pre | Post | p | p | |
| PDSS-2 | |||||||
| Total score | 19.3 (12.5) | 11.0 (6.7) | 0.01* | 19.9 (9.4) | 14.6 (3.7) | 0.04* | 0.38 |
| Motor symptoms | 4.3 (3.7) | 1.75 (2.0) | 0.04* | 5.1 (3.6) | 3.7 (4.2) | 0.21 | 0.26 |
| PD symptoms | 4. (5.5) | 1.6 (1.8) | 0.10 | 4.9 (3.9) | 3.3 (3.2) | 0.12 | 0.21 |
| Disturbed sleep | 10.6 (5.3) | 7.6 (3.7) | 0.06 | 9.9 (4.7) | 7.6 (3.5) | 0.03* | 0.97 |
| Actigraph | |||||||
| Sleep efficiency (%) | 93.6 (3.7) | 91.6 (6.5) | 0.21 | 94.6 (2.0) | 94.7 (2.1) | 0.86 | 0.29 |
| Total time in bed (min) | 445 (72) | 454 (54) | 0.91 | 481 (96) | 493 (85) | 0.32 | 0.40 |
| Total sleep time (min) | 419 (65) | 414 (26) | 0.90 | 455 (93) | 466 (80) | 0.29 | 0.20 |
| Wake after sleep onset | 29.5 (19.7) | 39.4 (33.1) | 0.29 | 25.9 (9.8) | 26.6 (12.0) | 0.85 | 0.40 |
| Awakenings (#) | 7.1 (5.0) | 10.4 (7.9) | 0.13 | 7.1 (4.6) | 6.7 (4.1) | 0.59 | 0.34 |
| Avg. Awakening (min) | 5.0 (2.9) | 4.1 (1.8) | 0.21 | 5.0 (3.1) | 5.2 (2.9) | 0.59 | 0.47 |
| Other non-motor symptom measurements | |||||||
| PFS | 41.0 (17.5) | 41.0 (15.8) | 1.00 | 38.3 (15.2) | 39.2 (15.8) | 0.82 | 0.82 |
| GAI | 4.0 (6.0) | 3.1 (5.0) | 0.24 | 3.0 (5.1) | 1.7 (4.3) | 0.16 | 0.28 |
| GDS | 3.3 (3.3) | 3.0 (2.8) | 0.59 | 3.1 (3.1) | 2.0 (2.8) | 0.03* | 0.30 |
| MMSE | 28.9 (1.4) | 29.3 (0.7) | 0.70 | 28.9 (1.2) | 28.7 (1.9) | 1.00 | 0.96 |
| FAB | 13.8 (1.7) | 14.3 (1.2) | 0.33 | 13.1 (1.5) | 13.0 (1.8) | 0.71 | 0.08 |
| CDT | 10.0 (0) | 10.0 (0) | 1.00 | 9.7 (1.0) | 9.6 (1.3) | 0.65 | 0.20 |
| TMTA | 32.1 (7.9) | 31.6 (7.4) | 0.73 | 38.9 (17.7) | 54.8 (54.3) | 0.14 | 0.13 |
| TMTB | 84.9 (69.2) | 86.6 (53.3) | 1.00 | 107.2 (99.3) | 125.9 (149.7) | 0.37 | 0.60 |
| NMSQ | 10.4 (5.7) | 8.0 (5.3) | 0.04* | 10.4 (5.7) | 8.0 (4.6) | 0.01* | 1.00 |
| PDQ | 29.9 (23.0) | 26.0 (23.3) | 0.18 | 40.6 (24.5) | 28.8 (25.3) | 0.05* | 0.82 |
| UPDRS | |||||||
| Part I | 12.0 (7.1) | 10.0 (8.3) | 0.06 | 10.4 (6.9) | 7.7 (6.3) | 0.12 | 0.52 |
| Part II | 8.0 (5.7) | 8.6 (5.3) | 0.49 | 10.0 (11.1) | 11.1 (10.6) | 0.49 | 0.56 |
| Part III | 19.6 (8.6) | 19.7 (9.6) | 0.93 | 22.6 (9.2) | 22.9 (16.3) | 0.94 | 0.64 |
*
p < 0.05.
Values are presented as mean (standard deviation).
Abbreviations: CDT = Clock drawing test, FAB = Frontal assessment battery, GAI = Geriatric anxiety index, GDS = Geriatric depression scale, MMSE = Mini mental state examination, NMSQ = Non-motor symptom questionnaire, PD = Parkinson’s disease, PDQ = Parkinson’s disease questionnaire, PDSS-2 = Parkinson’s disease sleep scale-2, PFS = Parkinson fatigue scale, TMTA and B = Trail making test A and B, UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale.